Evidence map›Paper›PMID 41951243›Full record

SynthesisEuropean respiratory review : an official journal of the European Respiratory Society2026

Association between inhaled corticosteroids and risk of cardiovascular mortality in patients with COPD: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Ming-Jin Yang, Yan Zhang, Hai-Yun Dai, Wei He, Xue-Mei Ying, Xing-Xing Jin, Shu-Liang Guo, Don D Sin

Abstract readSystematic ReviewMeta-Analysis
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Synthesis in European respiratory review : an official journal of the European Respiratory Society, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 2 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
2citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

2 citing papers in PubMed.

  1. Article
  2. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

8 authors.

Ming-Jin YangDepartment of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China mingjinbbyxy@126.com.
Yan ZhangDigestive System Department, Chengdu Second People's Hospital, Chengdu, China.
Hai-Yun DaiDepartment of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.
Wei HeDepartment of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.
Xue-Mei YingDepartment of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.
Xing-Xing JinDepartment of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.
Shu-Liang GuoDepartment of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.
Don D SinDivision of Respiratory Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

backgroundCOPD frequently coexists with cardiovascular diseases. Cardiovascular death is also a major contributor to mortality in COPD patients. Inhaled corticosteroids (ICS), as the most commonly prescribed inhaled anti-inflammatory medications, have been widely used for management of COPD patients who experience frequent exacerbations. However, whether ICS have a cardiovascular protective effect remains unclear. The purpose of this work was to comprehensively ascertain the risks of cardiovascular deaths related to ICS in COPD patients.

methodsPubMed, the Cochrane Library and Embase were searched to screen qualifying articles from September to November 2022. An updated search was conducted in October 2025. We identified trials of any ICS for treatment of COPD and reported on cardiovascular deaths. Meta-analyses were conducted to calculate risk ratios with 95% confidence intervals. The primary end-point was cardiovascular mortality.

findings35 randomised controlled trials enrolling 74 004 subjects were analysed. Inhaled formulations containing ICS significantly reduced the risk of cardiovascular deaths compared with inhaled formulations without ICS (risk ratio 0.84, 95% CI 0.74-0.95). ICS/long-acting muscarinic antagonist (LAMA)/long-acting β

conclusionsInhaled formulations containing ICS are associated with a reduced risk of cardiovascular deaths in patients with COPD.

Indexed as

Adrenal Cortex HormonesCardiovascular DiseasesPulmonary Disease, Chronic ObstructiveAdministration, InhalationHumansRisk AssessmentRisk FactorsTreatment OutcomeAdrenal Cortex Hormones

Identifiers

PMID41951243
PMCPMC13058733

What OpenQuestion holds

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Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.