Evidence map›Paper›PMID 41950287›Full record

ArticleJournal of applied research in intellectual disabilities : JARID2026

Co-Design and Feasibility Testing of an AI-Based Virtual Reality Application to Prepare People With Intellectual Disability for Healthcare Visits.

Stefan C Michalski, Jane Adams, Ali Darejeh, Rachael C Cvejic, Sylvia M Gustin, Julian N Trollor

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Article in Journal of applied research in intellectual disabilities : JARID, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

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0cells of the map it votes in
0citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

0 citing papers in PubMed.

No citing paper in PubMed yet.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

6 authors.

Stefan C MichalskiNational Centre of Excellence in Intellectual Disability Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8542-8246
Jane AdamsNational Centre of Excellence in Intellectual Disability Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
Ali DarejehSchool of Computer Science and Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
Rachael C CvejicNational Centre of Excellence in Intellectual Disability Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
Sylvia M GustinNeuroRecovery Research Hub, School of Psychology, Faculty of Science, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
Julian N TrollorNational Centre of Excellence in Intellectual Disability Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7685-2977

Funding

Addressing health inequality experienced by people with intellectual disability GNT2009771Dementia Australia Research Foundation and Bartle Pathway to CareDementia Australia Research Foundation Post-Doctoral FellowshipNational Health and Medical Research Council Australia grants GNT1123033The National Centre of Excellence in Intellectual Disability Health, the Australian Government Department of Health, Disability and Aged CareUNSW Disability Innovation Institute Research Seed Funding 2024UNSW Health Systems Research Theme 2025 Collaborative Grant
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

backgroundPeople with intellectual disability experience barriers in accessing healthcare. A virtual reality (VR) application that includes an intelligent agent powered by generative artificial intelligence (AI) may support preparation for healthcare visits in this population.

objectiveTo co-design, develop and evaluate the feasibility and usability of an AI-based VR application to improve healthcare preparedness for people with intellectual disability.

methodsTen adults with intellectual disability completed an AI-VR experience simulating a general practitioner visit across three sequential scenes: checking in with a receptionist, waiting in a clinic waiting room, and consulting with a doctor. Participants interacted verbally with AI avatars. Semi-structured interviews followed each scene.

resultsParticipants valued the avatars' clear, patient communication and described the system as supportive for learning healthcare content and practising communication and self-advocacy skills. Usability issues were identified.

conclusionAI-VR appears feasible and acceptable for healthcare preparation in people with intellectual disability. Refinements to system usability are needed to support independent use and broader implementation.

Indexed as

Artificial IntelligenceHealth Services AccessibilityIntellectual DisabilityVirtual RealityAdultAvatarFeasibility StudiesFemaleGenerative Artificial IntelligenceHumansMaleMiddle AgedYoung Adultartificial intelligencehealthcare accessintellectual disabilityqualitativevirtual reality

Identifiers

PMID41950287
PMCPMC13061285

What OpenQuestion holds

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LicenceCC BY
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Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.