ArticlePloS one2026
Prevalence and social determinants of breastfeeding practices in urban slums and urban non-slum areas in India: A comparative analysis.
Article in PloS one, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
Understanding how the prevalence and determinants of breastfeeding practices differ between urban slum areas, where living conditions are stringent, and urban non-slum areas, which have relatively more resources, is key to context-specific interventions. We conducted a comparative analysis to investigate the prevalence of breastfeeding practices in the urban slum and urban non-slum areas of India. We also used the socio-ecological framework to assess the individual, community, and policy-level correlates of breastfeeding practices. Secondary analysis of data from the National Family and Health Survey (2015-2016) in India was conducted to estimate the prevalence of early breastfeeding initiation and exclusive breastfeeding of children living in urban slum and urban non-slum areas, and the prevalence estimates were further stratified by the seven states where slums were sampled. Multilevel logistic regression analysis was used to examine the correlates of breastfeeding practices. Early breastfeeding initiation was significantly higher in the urban slum areas (50.4%) compared to urban non-slum areas (37.4%). In contrast, exclusive breastfeeding was lower in urban slums (50.1%) than in urban non-slum areas (55.8%). At the individual level in urban slum areas, preceding birth of more than 24 months was associated with early initiation of breastfeeding. At the policy level, child delivery at the health facilities was associated with early initiation of breastfeeding in the urban non-slum areas. The study showed that breastfeeding practices need to be urgently addressed in both the urban slum and urban non-slum areas, and policy-level factors such as health care facilities should be considered in designing effective interventions.
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