ArticleFrontiers in immunology2026
Extracellular vesicles as key biomarkers in COVID-19: insights into disease severity and mortality through CD86 and other immune markers.
Article in Frontiers in immunology, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
0 citing papers in PubMed.
No citing paper in PubMed yet.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
15 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
This study explores the concentration, size, and epitope profiles of extracellular vesicles (EVs) as biomarkers for COVID-19 outcomes. CD86 stood out as a key predictor of mortality, suggesting that EV profiling could help assess disease severity and guide treatment decisions. Background: SARS-CoV-2 infection triggers a complex array of immune and vascular responses. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) have emerged as critical players in the disease's progression and potential biomarkers for assessing severity. Aim: To explore the concentration, size, and epitope profiles of EVs in COVID-19 patients and correlate these findings with clinical outcomes. Methods: We analyzed EVs from 80 COVID-19 patients (critical or non-critical). EV concentration and size were measured using Nanoparticle Tracking Analysis (NTA) and Videodrop, while antigen expression was assessed via a 37-marker MACSPlex bead assay. Results: Our findings reveal a significant elevation in circulating EV concentration in critical COVID-19 patients as measured by Videodrop ( Conclusion: This study highlights the importance of CD86-expressing EVs as biomarkers for COVID-19 severity and mortality, suggesting that EV profiling could inform personalized therapies for severe cases.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.