ArticleCureus2026
Association of Haptoglobin Polymorphism With Microvascular Complications in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Case-Control Study From a Tertiary Care Center in South India.
Article in Cureus, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
0 citing papers in PubMed.
No citing paper in PubMed yet.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Background Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a major public health problem in India, with microvascular complications contributing substantially to morbidity. Haptoglobin (Hp) polymorphisms, particularly the Hp2-2 genotype, have been associated with increased oxidative stress and vascular dysfunction. This case-control study aimed to evaluate the association between Hp polymorphisms and microvascular complications in T2DM patients attending a tertiary care center in South India. Methods A hospital-based case-control study was conducted between July 2023 and December 2024. Eighty-four T2DM patients were enrolled, including 42 cases with documented microvascular complications (nephropathy, retinopathy, and/or neuropathy) and 42 controls without complications. Haptoglobin genotypes (Hp1-1, Hp2-1, Hp2-2) were determined using polymerase chain reaction with sequence-specific primers. Clinical and biochemical parameters, including glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), lipid profile, and renal function markers, were recorded. Group comparisons were performed using appropriate parametric and non-parametric tests. A p-value <0.05 was considered statistically significant. The study was approved by the Institutional Ethics Committee, and informed consent was obtained from all participants. Results The Hp2-2 genotype was significantly more prevalent among cases compared with controls (62.5-83.3% across complication subgroups vs. 26.2% in controls). Significant associations were observed between Hp2-2 and diabetic nephropathy (p=0.001), neuropathy (p=0.003), and retinopathy (p=0.002). Patients with complications demonstrated higher mean HbA1c levels (8.51 ± 2.20% vs. 7.92 ± 1.29%, p=0.038) and a greater prevalence of microalbuminuria (78.6% vs. 11.9%, p<0.001). Conclusion The Hp2-2 genotype is strongly associated with the presence of microvascular complications in patients with T2DM. These findings suggest that Hp genotyping may have potential utility in identifying individuals at increased risk for diabetic microvascular disease.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.