ArticleEcology and evolution2026
Are Toxic Butterflies More Easily Detected by Human 'Predators'?
Article in Ecology and evolution, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. An erratum has been issued. Cited by 1 paper.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
1 citing paper in PubMed.
- Correction to "Are Toxic Butterflies More Easily Detected by Human 'Predators'?"Ecology and evolution · 2026Article
Corrections and comments
- Erratum issued
Authors and funding
3 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Butterfly colours often signal unprofitability due to toxicity to predators, with more conspicuous colour signals increasing predator avoidance learning. These signals can be on the dorsal and/or ventral wing surfaces, which are more visible during flight or at rest respectively. Here we are interested in the relationship between toxicity and conspicuousness in Australian butterflies. We use detectability as a proxy for conspicuousness and test whether toxic butterflies are more detectable on both the dorsal and ventral wing sides using a computer game where humans hunt butterflies against multiple backgrounds. The game was played by over 1700 players who collectively reacted to over 67,000 images of butterflies. Toxicity was assessed using
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.