Specialised and persistent raw material procurement by humans in the Middle Pleistocene.

The selection and acquisition of suitable raw material constitute the first steps in stone tool technology. Previous ethnographical and archaeological research suggests that hominins in the Pleistocene primarily collected their stone materials while carrying out other activities. Direct provisioning for this purpose alone remains an outlier and is rarely demonstrated. Archaeological excavations coupled with multidisciplinary analyses at Jojosi in South Africa demonstrate that early modern humans undertook specific, repeated visits to a raw material source over tens of thousands of years for the exclusive purpose of obtaining hornfels. This rare, stratified, open-air locality features uniquely preserved lithic assemblages with abundant refits dating from ~220 ka to ~110 ka for the reduction and export of a single tool stone. The scope of these knapping activities is underscored by millions of Middle Stone Age hornfels artefacts paving the modern landscape. The consistent, specialised procurement of a single raw material at Jojosi already during the Middle Pleistocene challenges the standard model of embedded procurement for this period. These findings further show that key capacities of Homo sapiens, including increased long-term planning and behavioural plasticity in the interaction with the material world, emerged early in their evolutionary history.