Evidence map›Paper›PMID 41945489›Full record

ArticleStereotactic and functional neurosurgery2026

Safety of 3 Tesla Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Active Peripheral Nerve Field Stimulation Device for Facial Pain.

Clement T Chow, Can Sarica, Benson Yang, Brendan Santyr, Riccardo Ludovichetti, Kimia Pourhossein, Sriranga Kashyap, Michael Colditz, Aaron Loh, Jürgen Germann and 9 more

Abstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in Stereotactic and functional neurosurgery, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
0citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

0 citing papers in PubMed.

No citing paper in PubMed yet.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

19 authors.

Clement T ChowDivision of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
Can SaricaDivision of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
Benson YangPhysical Sciences Platform, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
Brendan SantyrDivision of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
Riccardo LudovichettiJoint Department of Medical Imaging, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
Kimia PourhosseinFaculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
Sriranga KashyapKrembil Brain Institute, Toronto Western Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
Michael ColditzDepartment of Neurosurgery, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.
Aaron LohDivision of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
Jürgen GermannDivision of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
Asma NaheedKrembil Brain Institute, Toronto Western Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
Artur VetkasDivision of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
Kâmil UludağKrembil Brain Institute, Toronto Western Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
Christian Iorio-MorinDivision of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada.
Michelle PaffDepartment of Neurological Surgery, University of California Irvine, Orange County, California, USA.
Simon J GrahamPhysical Sciences Platform, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
Alexandre BoutetKrembil Brain Institute, Toronto Western Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
Andres M LozanoDivision of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
Mojgan HodaieDivision of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, mojgan.hodaie@uhn.ca.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

introductionPeripheral nerve field stimulation (PNFS) for facial pain delivers subcutaneous electrical stimulation to reduce pain. Blood oxygenation level-dependent (BOLD) functional MRI (fMRI) can be used to characterize central effects of neuromodulation techniques such as deep brain stimulation and spinal cord stimulation (SCS). However, the safety and utility of MRI in patients with PNFS have not been established, limiting both clinical MRI use and the application of fMRI in this population. This study evaluated the MRI safety and feasibility of imaging an active SCS implant used for PNFS in patients with facial pain; and defined sequence parameters for concurrent BOLD fMRI acquisition.

methodsAn anthropomorphic 3D-printed phantom filled with tissue-mimicking gel and fitted with an SCS implant replicating a patient with PNFS was used for in vitro safety testing. Two phantom experiments evaluated the relationship between (i) head-averaged specific absorption rate (SAR), (ii) time-averaged positive radiofrequency magnetic field component (<mml:math id="m1" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:mrow><mml:msubsup><mml:msub><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">B</mml:mi><mml:mn>1</mml:mn></mml:msub><mml:mtext>rms</mml:mtext><mml:mo>+</mml:mo></mml:msubsup></mml:mrow></mml:math>) and maximal temperature rises at critical locations (i.e., distal lead electrodes, cranial coiling, and implantable pulse generator) across clinical and research-based structural and fMRI sequences. For validation, a PNFS patient was scanned using localizer, T

resultsFMRI during active PNFS is safe under specific conditions, with temperature increases remaining below the 2°C threshold at all monitored locations. Heating had a stronger relationship with head SAR (higher adjusted coefficient of determination [R2] value) than <mml:math id="m2" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:mrow><mml:msubsup><mml:msub><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">B</mml:mi><mml:mn>1</mml:mn></mml:msub><mml:mtext>rms</mml:mtext><mml:mo>+</mml:mo></mml:msubsup></mml:mrow></mml:math>, particularly at distal lead electrodes. These in vitro findings informed selection of safe fMRI protocols for in vivo scanning. A patient (n = 1) underwent MRI with no device- or patient-related adverse events. Successful fMRI acquisition was achieved, demonstrating engagement of pain-related regions in the patient.

conclusionPhantom testing confirmed the safety and feasibility of MRI with an active SCS device configured for facial PNFS. These findings, specific to the tested conditions, underscore the need for context-specific safety evaluations to enable safe MRI in such implantable medical devices.

Indexed as

Facial painFunctional magnetic resonance imagingPeripheral nerve field stimulationRadiofrequency heatingTrigeminal neuralgia

Identifiers

PMID41945489
PMCPMC13262988

What OpenQuestion holds

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LicenceCC BY-NC
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Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.