Evidence map›Paper›PMID 41944252›Full record

ArticleHealth economics2026

Pharmaceutical Pricing and R&D as a Global Public Good.

H E Frech, Mark V Pauly, William S Comanor, Joseph R Martinez

Abstract read
In one paragraph

Article in Health economics, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 3 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
3citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

3 citing papers in PubMed.

  1. Review
  2. Article
  3. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

4 authors.

H E FrechDepartment of Economics, University of California, Santa Barbara, California, USA.
Mark V PaulyHealth Care Management Department, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
William S ComanorFielding School of Public Health, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA.
Joseph R MartinezHealth Care Management Department, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

This paper examines the international variation in the prices of branded pharmaceuticals. We consider short-run profits, or quasi-rents, as representing each country's contribution toward the global public good of therapeutic information embodied in new pharmaceuticals. We characterize globally optimal contributions through the Samuelson-Lindahl criteria and contrast the resulting outcomes with the Nash noncooperative equilibrium as developed in the Olson-Zeckhauser theory of international alliances. That theory predicts both the undersupply of public goods and the "exploitation" of large countries by small ones. We calculate national contributions to the global public good with data from a recent RAND report. Other countries' contributions resulting from their prices are much lower than those in the United States, but their free riding is not complete. We also find that country size is a powerful determinant of contributions and that larger countries contribute disproportionately more. Finally, we suggest a cooperative policy approach that would move us closer to optimality with health benefits for all countries.

Indexed as

CommerceDrug CostsDrug IndustryPharmaceutical ResearchHumansInternational CooperationUnited Statesfree ridinginnovationinternational cooperationinternational pharmaceutical pricingpharmaceutical research and development as a global public good

Identifiers

PMID41944252
PMCPMC13327411

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.