ArticleAdvanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany)2026
Programmable Hydration Pathways Enable Reconfigurable Ionic Thermoelectrics for Energy Harvesting and Thermal-Tactile Interaction.
Article in Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany), 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
Ionic thermoelectric (iTE) materials deliver large thermovoltages but face a trade-off among thermopower, speed, and stability. Here we realize reconfigurable iTE performance in polyquaternium hydrogels by programming hydration pathways across scales, coupling microscopic solvation and polymer-ion interactions to mesoscopic water channels and macroscopic boundary conditions. This hydration-gated protonics framework decouples ion transport barriers from water activity and thermal gradient, enabling two distinct operating states. An open, breathable state amplifies asymmetric water activity and yields ultrahigh thermopower of 44.8 mV K
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