ArticleNuclear medicine communications2026
Bibliometric analysis of programmed death ligand-1 positron emission tomography probe research: development, landscape, and technological evolution.
Article in Nuclear medicine communications, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
0 citing papers in PubMed.
No citing paper in PubMed yet.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors.
Funding
Abstract
objectiveThis study aims to provide a comprehensive bibliometric analysis of the research landscape, technological evolution, and future trends in the field of programmed death ligand-1 (PD-L1) PET probes.
methodsPublications related to PD-L1 PET probes from 2010 to 28 August 2025, were retrieved from the Web of Science Core Collection. Bibliometric analysis and visualization were performed using CiteSpace, VOSviewer, and Bibliometrix R package.
resultsOur analysis included 389 publications. The field has experienced exponential growth since 2016. China and the USA were the leading contributors, with the latter demonstrating superior citation impact due to seminal early studies. The technological evolution reveals a clear paradigm shift from large antibody-based probes towards small and medium-sized molecules, driven by the demand for improved clinical translation. 68 Ga and 89 Zr are the most commonly used radionuclides at present, suitable for small-to-medium molecules and antibody-based probes, respectively. Peptides and nanobodies are the most promising molecular scaffold, balancing imaging performance and clinical practicality. Cooccurrence and burst detection analysis identified nonsmall-cell lung cancer, antibody, nanobody, PET, and PD-1/PD-L1 as the top trending topics.
conclusionThis bibliometric analysis delineates the current state, evolutionary patterns, and prospective research avenues in PD-L1 PET probe research, highlighting the advancements in noninvasive immuno-imaging and offering a data-driven perspective for researchers.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.