ArticleAnnals of African medicine2026
Prevalence of Oral Soft Tissue Lesions and Their Associations with Oral Hygiene Practices, Addictive Habits, and CD4 Counts Among Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender, and Queer Individuals Living with Human Immunodeficiency Virus.
Article in Annals of African medicine, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
0 citing papers in PubMed.
No citing paper in PubMed yet.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
6 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
objectivesOral manifestations often reflect underlying immune suppression and disease progression. These lesions can profoundly affect the quality of life, leading to pain, difficulty in eating, and social stigma. In the lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer (LGBTQ) population living with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), additional sociobehavioral factors, such as discrimination, mental health challenges, and barriers to healthcare access, may exacerbate oral health issues. MATERIAL AND
methodsThis cross-sectional study aimed to evaluate the prevalence of oral soft tissue lesions and their associations with oral hygiene practices, addictive habits, and CD4 counts in 56 LGBTQ adults with HIV (mean age 34.8 ± 7.2 years). Participants were recruited from an outpatient clinic and underwent comprehensive oral examinations using World Health Organization criteria, self-reported questionnaires on hygiene and addictions, and a review of recent CD4 counts.
resultsAll participants reported addictions, predominantly smoking (44.6%), smokeless tobacco (37.5%), and alcohol (30.3%), with polyaddiction in 39.3% of the participants. Soft-tissue lesions were detected in 60.7% of patients, including candidiasis (26.8%), oral hairy leukoplakia (14.3%), aphthous ulcers (10.7%), linear gingival erythema (8.9%), and tobacco pouch keratosis (7.1%). Lesion prevalence was significantly higher among irregular brushers (100%, P = 0.034), poly-addicts (86.4%, P = 0.002), and those with CD4 counts <350 cells/mm 3 (78.9% vs. 42.3% for ≥350 cells/mm 3 , P = 0.011). Specific associations included tobacco use and leukoplakia/keratosis ( P = 0.029) and alcohol use and candidiasis ( P = 0.041).
conclusionsMultidisciplinary interventions emphasizing oral hygiene education, addiction cessation programs, and integrated dental-HIV care are essential to reduce morbidity and enhance the overall well-being of LGBTQ individuals with HIV.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.