ArticleBrain and behavior2026
Global Inequality and Future Burden of Autism Spectrum Disorders: A Frontier and Projection Analysis Based on GBD 2021.
Article in Brain and behavior, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
1 citing paper in PubMed.
- The Vitamin D-Gut-Brain Axis in Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Bidirectional Crosstalk.International journal of general medicine · 2026Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
10 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundAutism spectrum disorder (ASD) comprises a group of persistent neurodevelopmental conditions characterized by impairments in communication, restricted behavioral patterns, and social dysfunction. In severe cases, ASD can lead to self-injury or suicide, imposing a significant burden on individuals, families, and society. This study aimed to comprehensively assess the temporal, demographic, and regional patterns of ASD burden from 1990 to 2021; project future trends; and provide insights into potential causes and public health strategies.
methodsData on the incidence, prevalence, and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) of ASD were extracted from the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) Study 2021. Temporal trends were evaluated using estimated annual percentage change (EAPC) and Bayesian age-period-cohort (BAPC) modeling. We further examined burden distribution by age, sex, region, and sociodemographic index (SDI).
resultsIn 2021, an estimated 61.82 million individuals were living with ASD globally, with 1.16 million new cases and 11.54 million DALYs. The global age-standardized point prevalence, incidence, and DALY rates were 788.3, 18.8, and 147.6 per 100,000 population, respectively-representing increases of 2.0%, 5.2%, and 2.1% since 1990. Regionally, the highest age-standardized prevalence rate was observed in the High-income Asia Pacific region, while tropical Latin America had the lowest. At the national level, Japan recorded the highest age-standardized prevalence, whereas the Republic of Mauritius had the lowest.
conclusionASD poses a rising global public health challenge, with persistent regional disparities and underrecognized burden in adults and females. Current gaps in epidemiological surveillance, etiological understanding, and treatment capacity highlight the urgent need for greater governmental investment in ASD-related research, early detection strategies, and inclusive care systems.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.