ArticleBMC pharmacology & toxicology2026
Therapeutic effects of cold plasma-activated water on MCF7 breast cancer tumors in a mouse model.
Article in BMC pharmacology & toxicology, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
0 citing papers in PubMed.
No citing paper in PubMed yet.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
6 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundBreast cancer is the most common cancer affecting women, and plasma-activated water (PAW) is emerging as a potential therapeutic approach. While early results are encouraging, additional research is necessary to assess its long-term effects and identify the most effective methods of application. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the effects of PAW on an MCF7 breast cancer mouse model.
methodsA total of eighteen BALB/c mice were divided into three groups (n = 6/group): one negative control group and two tumor groups injected with MCF7 cells. After 91 days of MCF7 injection, the tumor groups received either distilled water (DW) or PAW (for 3 min) twice weekly via oral gavage for 28 days.
resultsThe results revealed that the conductivity, H2O2, and NO2- values were significantly higher for PAW than for DW, while pH was lower (P < 0.001). Hematological analysis showed an increase in neutrophil counts, neutrophil %, eosinophil %, and neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio in MCF7 and PAW groups. Conversely, there were reductions in red blood cells (RBC), platelets (PLT), hemoglobin (HGB), and hematocrit (HCT) percentages, while mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC) increased. Both the control and PAW groups had higher total antioxidants and levels of α-L-fucosidase, while MCF7 had elevated arginase levels. The CD44⁺/CD24⁻ and CD44⁺/CD24⁺ cell populations were highest in the MCF7 group and reduced in the PAW group. The percentage of parent cells in late apoptosis was significantly higher in the PAW group than in the MCF7 and DW groups. Histopathology analysis revealed carcinoma features in the MCF7 group, while PAW reduced these effects. Immunostaining showed increased ER-α and Caspase-3 expression in the MCF7 group, with PAW moderating expression levels.
conclusionsOverall, these findings suggest that PAW may offer promising therapeutic applications in managing oxidative stress and hindering cancer cell progression.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.