ArticleActa neuropathologica2026
Alzheimer's disease risk protein SorLA regulates ER homeostasis and lipid metabolism in human microglia, with conserved effects in neurons.
Article in Acta neuropathologica, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
Microglial dysfunction is a hallmark of Alzheimer's disease (AD), yet the molecular mechanisms driving these impairments remain poorly defined. Genetic studies implicate several AD-associated genes in regulating microglial activity, including SORL1, which encodes the sorting receptor SorLA. Although SorLA is highly expressed in microglia, its functional role in cellular homeostasis has remained unclear. Here, we investigated SorLA function using human brain tissue, primary microglia from rapid autopsies, and CRISPR-engineered human iPSC-derived microglia and neurons. Integrated multi-omics analyses, including single-cell RNA sequencing, lipidomics, and proteomics, together with biochemical and functional assays, revealed that SorLA deficiency induces endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and interferon signaling, promotes lipid droplet accumulation, and impairs phagocytic and immune functions. Protein co-complex mapping and structural modeling identified ER-associated proteins co-enriched with SorLA, including SUN2, calnexin (CANX), and multiple COPI complex components (COPA, COPB1, COPG1, ARCN1), implicating SorLA in ER proteostasis and intracellular trafficking. Notably, SORL1 deletion in iPSC-derived neurons recapitulated key phenotypes observed in microglia, including lipid droplet accumulation and SorLA-SUN2 co-immunoprecipitation, indicating that this ER-associated pathway operates across distinct brain cell types. Together, these findings identify an ER-related role for SorLA that extends beyond its established function in endocytic trafficking. Loss of SorLA triggers maladaptive stress responses, perturbs lipid handling, and compromises cellular resilience, thereby contributing to AD-relevant cellular dysfunction.
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