ArticleApplied microbiology and biotechnology2026
Foot-and-mouth disease virus-like particle mRNA vaccine induces strong humoral and cellular immunity.
Article in Applied microbiology and biotechnology, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 2 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
2 citing papers in PubMed.
- From Global Insights to Local Action: Bridging Vaccine Design and Manufacturing Gaps in H5N1 Pandemic Readiness.Vaccines · 2026Article
- HACC-TNF-α-VLP Nanoparticles Facilitate HSP90-Dependent Antigen Cross-Presentation to Enhance CD8⁺ T Cell and Mucosal Immunity Against Foot-and-Mouth Disease.International journal of nanomedicine · 2026Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
10 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is a major animal infectious disease that has garnered significant international attention. Currently, conventional inactivated vaccines and virus-like particle (VLP) vaccines primarily induce protective immune responses through the generation of neutralizing antibodies. However, these vaccines exhibit limited activation of cellular immunity and offer short-term immune persistence. Furthermore, inactivated vaccines raise certain biosafety concerns. In this study, an FMD mRNA vaccine capable of self-assembling into non-infectious VLP was developed. Immunization of mice demonstrated that this VLP mRNA vaccine not only elicited robust humoral immune responses with long-lasting antibody production but also effectively activated cellular immunity. In guinea pig challenge experiments, it provided immune protection comparable to that of traditional inactivated vaccines. The dual immune mechanism-simultaneously activating both humoral and cellular immunity-overcomes the limitations of traditional vaccines, making this VLP mRNA vaccine an innovative candidate for FMD control and providing a technical foundation for the development of VLP mRNA vaccines for other animal diseases. KEY POINTS: • A novel FMD mRNA vaccine that self-assembles into VLP was successfully developed. • The FMD VLP mRNA vaccine effectively stimulates both humoral and cellular immune responses. • The FMD VLP mRNA vaccine provides protective efficacy in guinea pig challenge models.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.