ArticleScientific reports2026
Third generation cephalosporin-resistant (3GCR) Escherichia coli and biocide-tolerant heterotrophic bacteria in irrigation water used in Capsicum annuum cultivation areas in Kosovo.
Article in Scientific reports, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
This systematic study investigated the presence of total and third-generation cephalosporin-resistant (3GCR) Escherichia coli as well as total and benzyldimethyldodecylammonium chloride (BAC-C12) tolerant heterotrophic bacteria growing under nutrient-rich conditions at 37 °C, among them potential pathogens, in irrigation water (river and well water) potentially contaminated with wastewater, irrigated soils, and pepper (Capsicum annuum) fruits. Samples were collected from five vegetable-cultivating fields in Kosovo. The presence of E. coli was confirmed in both investigated rivers, all five examined wells, and in a single soil sample. Furthermore, 3GCR E. coli were detected in the two rivers and one well. Genomic fingerprinting revealed a high genetic variability among the cultivated E. coli strains. The 3GCR E. coli strains contained either blaCTX−M and blaTEM extended spectrum beta lactamase (ESBL) genes and/or exhibited an aminopenicillin-inactivating cephalosporinase (AmpC) phenotype. In addition, certain strains displayed resistance to ciprofloxacin and colistin, although none demonstrated resistance to carbapenems. Beyond (3GCR) E. coli, BAC-C12-tolerant bacteria were detected in river and well water, agricultural soil, and pepper fruit samples across all five investigated sites; among them bacteria of the genera Providencia, Morganella, and Pseudomonas. River water as a source of irrigation showed higher levels of microbial contamination compared to well water; however, well water also demonstrated contamination with fecal indicator bacteria. Despite this, no contamination of pepper fruits with fecal indicator bacteria was observed. Nonetheless, the presence of Pseudomonas with a high BAC-C12 tolerance at or in C. annuum fruits requires a more detailed examination.
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