ArticleNature communications2026
Genomic analysis of high pathogenicity avian influenza viruses from Antarctica reveals multiple introductions from South America.
Article in Nature communications, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 7 papers.
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Who cites it
7 citing papers in PubMed.
- Skuas as sentinels of high pathogenicity avian influenza H5N1 on the Antarctic Peninsula in the 2024/2025 austral summer.Microbial genomics · 2026Article
- Dispersal, adaptation and persistence of H5N1 in the sub-Antarctic and Antarctica.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- Exposure Without Active Infection: Surveillance of Influenza A Viruses and Coronaviruses in Antarctic Seabirds.Viruses · 2026Article
- A public database to monitor the spread and impacts of high pathogenicity avian influenza viruses on albatrosses and petrels.Biodiversity data journal · 2026Article
- Persistence and spillback of mammal-adapted H5N1 genotype B3.2 viruses among South American seabirds and marine mammals.Research square · 2025Article
- H5N1 Clade 2.3.4.4b: Evolution, Global Spread, and Host Range Expansion.Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Review
- Article
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25 authors.
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Abstract
The spread of high pathogenic avian influenza virus (HPAIV) H5N1 clade 2.3.4.4b into Antarctica poses a major threat to polar wildlife. We report the detection of H5N1 in carcasses of eight species during the 2023-2024 and 2024-2025 austral summers in the South Shetland Islands: Antarctic shag, Antarctic tern, kelp gull, pintado petrel, Antarctic petrel, skuas, Antarctic fur seal, and southern elephant seal. Whole-genome sequencing, mutational profiling, and phylogenetic reconstruction revealed that the viruses detected in these hosts descended from distinct introduction events. One group of strains including complete and partial viral genomes from a gull, skuas, fur seals, an Antarctic tern, and a southern elephant seal clustered with H5N1 strains previously detected in marine mammals in South America and formed a polyphyletic lineage consistent with at least two independent introductions into Antarctica. A second group of strains including complete and partial viral genomes from petrels, shags, and skuas clustered with H5N1 strains previously detected in seabirds and marine mammals in South Georgia and with a previously reported HPAIV detection from Torgersen Island, Antarctic Peninsula. These findings reveal extensive epidemiological connectivity between South America and Antarctica, with South Georgia serving as a "stepping stone" for virus spread in the region.
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