ArticleTAG. Theoretical and applied genetics. Theoretische und angewandte Genetik2026
BnaCIPK9 homoeologs mediate the dosage-dependent regulation of seed oil in allotetraploid Brassica napus L.
Article in TAG. Theoretical and applied genetics. Theoretische und angewandte Genetik, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
key messageCRISPR/Cas9 mutagenesis and overexpression lines analyses revealed CIPK9 homoeologs function in oil regulation of allotetraploid Brassica napus, cooperative multicopy interactions, and a superior haplotype on chromosome A10. Rapeseed (Brassica napus, B. napus), a globally significant allopolyploid oilseed crop, fulfills substantial annual vegetable oil demand. Evolutionary adaptation in this species is underpinned by gene duplication and homoeolog retention, enhancing plasticity under dynamic environmental stresses. This study focuses on BnaCIPK9, a regulator of seed oil content. Phylogenomic and structural analyses demonstrate that BnaCIPK9 homoeologs underwent duplication followed by consistent evolutionary retention within the Brassica lineage, exhibiting remarkable sequence and structural conservation. Expression profiling revealed tissue-partitioned functional specialization among homoeologs, with BnaA10.CIPK9 and BnaC05.CIPK9 showing seed-preferential expression. CRISPR/Cas9 knockout in B. napus and heterologous overexpression in Arabidopsis demonstrate these homoeologs act as dosage-dependent regulators of oil accumulation, dependent on their distinct expression patterns. They further exhibit expression-driven functional diversification in abiotic stress responses during seedling development. Population genomics reveal differential evolutionary trajectories among duplicates, with intensified selection on chromosome A10 driving adaptive divergence. Crucially, haplotype-trait association identifies hap.qCIPK9.A10.0 as a major haplotype linked to elevated oil content. This work elucidates how homoeolog subfunctionalization fine-tunes critical agronomic traits, oil biosynthesis, and stress resilience, in polyploid crops, establishing haplotype-assisted breeding as imperative for developing crop cultivars. Favorable haplotypes, exemplified by hap.qCIPK9.A10.0, offer precise targets for high-oil crop breeding improvement.
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