Evidence map›Paper›PMID 41940475›Full record

ArticleAnnals of medicine2026

Assessment of visual contrast sensitivity in biotoxin-exposed individuals using four testing methods.

Ingrid Astrid Jimenez-Barbosa, Sean Di Lizio, Seong Beom Ahn, Benjamin Heng, Janet Kim, Amanda J Watson, Sieu K Khuu

Abstract read
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In one paragraph

Article in Annals of medicine, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
0citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

0 citing papers in PubMed.

No citing paper in PubMed yet.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

7 authors.

Ingrid Astrid Jimenez-BarbosaSchool of Optometry and Vision Science, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia.ORCID 0000-0001-7874-2598
Sean Di LizioDigital Media Research Centre, School of Communication, QUT, Brisbane, Australia.ORCID 0000-0002-4502-6509
Seong Beom AhnMacquarie Medical School, Faculty of Medicine, Health and Human Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia.ORCID 0000-0001-5907-3544
Benjamin HengMacquarie Medical School, Faculty of Medicine, Health and Human Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia.ORCID 0000-0002-0247-2920
Janet KimMould Awareness Council, Brisbane, Australia.ORCID 0009-0004-9715-6104
Amanda J WatsonPANDIS, Limited, Sydney, Australia.ORCID 0009-0003-4623-3678
Sieu K KhuuSchool of Optometry and Vision Science, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia.ORCID 0000-0003-1850-0225

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

backgroundEnvironmental biotoxins, such as mould, are linked to neurological and visual dysfunction, including impaired visual contrast sensitivity (VCS). Testing VCS alterations is recommended as a biomarker for biotoxicity. This study compared four VCS tests in detecting VCS deficits in individuals with clinical signs of biotoxicity.

methodsVCS was measured in 28 biotoxin-exposed individuals and 30 controls using four VCS tests: Shoemaker handheld chart, Online Contrast Sensitivity Test (OCST

resultsBiotoxin-exposed participants had smaller pupil diameters (mean difference: 0.703 mm,

conclusionThese results highlight the effectiveness of digital VCS testing and symptom questionnaires as practical tools for detecting visual and neurological impairments in individuals with suspected biotoxin exposure.

Indexed as

Contrast SensitivityEnvironmental ExposureNeurotoxicity SyndromesVision DisordersVision TestsAdultBiomarkersCase-Control StudiesFemaleHumansMaleMiddle AgedPupilSensitivity and SpecificitySurveys and QuestionnairesYoung AdultBiomarkersbiomarkerschronic inflammatory response syndromeContrast sensitivityneurotoxicity

Identifiers

PMID41940475
PMCPMC13055033

What OpenQuestion holds

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LicenceCC BY
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Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.