ArticleCureus2026
A Multidimensional Analysis of the Determinants of Medication Counseling Behaviors: A Cross-Sectional Study of Community Pharmacists in Jazan, Saudi Arabia.
Article in Cureus, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Authors and funding
15 authors.
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Abstract
backgroundCommunity pharmacists serve as the final safety checkpoint in the medication-use system; however, practice patterns often prioritize technical logistics over clinical safety. While the deficit in risk counseling is well-documented, the mechanisms driving this "selective negligence" remain underexplored.
objectiveTo evaluate the structural and professional determinants of routine versus risk-based counseling behaviors among community pharmacists in Jazan, Saudi Arabia.
methodsA cross-sectional analytical study was conducted (July-September 2024) among licensed community pharmacists (N=230) across the Jazan region. Data were collected using a multi-domain instrument assessing self-reported counseling frequencies. Multivariable beta regression models were employed to estimate the average marginal effects (AME) of predictors, adjusting for workforce structure, workload, and pharmacist demographics.
resultsAnalysis revealed a functional dichotomy: "core use" instructions were universal (median: 5 (IQR: 5-5)), whereas "risk communication" was significantly lower (median: 4 (IQR: 2-5)). Regression models identified divergent determinants. "core use" was driven by professional habits; "checking patient understanding" was the strongest positive predictor (AME: +10.3%, p<0.001), while lower self-rated quality of counseling significantly reduced performance (AME: -10.7%, p<0.001). Conversely, "risk communication" was structurally driven; the presence of a pharmacy assistant was the primary positive predictor (AME: +9.9%, p=0.010). Notably, holding a Doctor of Pharmacy (PharmD) degree was associated with lower "core use" scores (AME: -4.7%, p=0.004) compared to BSc (Bachelor of Science in Pharmacy) degrees and showed no significant advantage for risk counseling.
conclusionRoutine counseling is sustained by professional habit, but safety-critical risk communication is constrained by operational bandwidth. Closing the safety gap requires structural interventions, specifically the integration of support staff, rather than reliance on educational credentials alone.
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