Evidence map›Paper›PMID 41938718›Full record

ArticleCities & health2026

Development intensity and incident stroke risk: a longitudinal study of the REGARDS cohort.

Cathy L Antonakos, Ian-Marshall Lang, Stephanie Miller, Suzanne E Judd, Matthew L Flaherty, Natalie Colabianchi

Abstract read
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In one paragraph

Article in Cities & health, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
0citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

0 citing papers in PubMed.

No citing paper in PubMed yet.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

6 authors.

Cathy L AntonakosSchool of Kinesiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
Ian-Marshall LangSchool of Kinesiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
Stephanie MillerSchool of Kinesiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
Suzanne E JuddDepartment of Biostatistics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA.
Matthew L FlahertyDepartment of Neurology, University of Cincinnati Academic Health Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA.
Natalie ColabianchiSchool of Kinesiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.

Funding

VCID and Stroke in a Bi-racial National CohortU01NS041588 · NINDS · UNIVERSITY OF ALABAMA AT BIRMINGHAM · PI CUSHMAN, MARY, HOWARD, GEORGE · 2002 to 2022
$96.0M
Built environments on stroke risk and stroke disparities in a national sampleR01NS092706 · NINDS · UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN AT ANN ARBOR · PI COLABIANCHI, NATALIE, JUDD, SUZANNE E · 2016 to 2019
$2.5M
Examining racial segregation and underlying mechanisms related to VCID and incident stroke in the REGARDS studyRF1NS127606 · NINDS · UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN AT ANN ARBOR · PI COLABIANCHI, NATALIE · 2022 to 2022
$2.3M
Examining school, neighborhood, and regional characteristics associated with VCID and stroke in the REGARDS studyR01NS127606 · NINDS · UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN AT ANN ARBOR · PI COLABIANCHI, NATALIE · 2025 to 2025
$747k
NINDS NIH HHS R01 NS092706NINDS NIH HHS R01 NS127606NINDS NIH HHS RF1 NS127606NINDS NIH HHS U01 NS041588
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Stroke risk may be affected by the level of development in a neighborhood, which may in turn affect access to health-promoting environmental features, or exposure to noise and air pollution. This study investigated development intensity as a potential influence on stroke risk, using data from the United States Geological Survey National Land Cover Database (NLCD). We tested associations between development intensity and incident stroke among 25,330 adult participants in the REasons for Geographic And Racial Differences in Stroke study. We measured development intensity in 8-km network buffers around participants' residential locations (34,368 locations). A proportional hazards model controlled for demographic characteristics and stroke risk factors. Approximately half (52.0%) of the participants were 45 to 64 years of age, 54.9% were female, and 40.2% reported their race as Black. Median time in the study was 10.7 years. Average development intensity at baseline was -2.9. During the 2003 to 2017 study period, 1319 participants (5.2%) had an incident stroke. Exposure to greater development intensity was associated with reduced incident stroke risk (HR 0.975, 95% CI: 0.95-0.99). This study demonstrated the influence of development intensity on stroke risk. Further work is needed to understand the specific environmental features by which development intensity affects stroke risk.

Indexed as

development intensityincident strokeland coverlongitudinal studiesUnited States

Identifiers

PMID41938718
PMCPMC13045678

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Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.