ArticleFrontiers in neuroscience2026
Associations between multimodal retinal measurements and cognitive functions in patients with cerebral small vessel disease.
Article in Frontiers in neuroscience, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
0 citing papers in PubMed.
No citing paper in PubMed yet.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
11 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Purpose: To investigate the associations between retinal parameters and cognitive impairment and identify retinal biomarkers for detecting cognitive dysfunction in patients with cerebral small vessel disease (CSVD). Methods: This cross-sectional study enrolled 125 patients with CSVD-related white matter hyperintensities. Participants were independent in daily activities and free of significant ophthalmic diseases. Cognition was assessed using the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE). Multimodal retinal imaging was employed to evaluate retinal structural and vascular features, including peripapillary retinal nerve fibre layer (pRNFL) and ganglion cell complex thicknesses and vessel densities (VDs) of the radial peripapillary capillary (RPC) network, macular superficial retinal capillary plexus (SRCP), and deep RCP (DRCP). The central retina vascular diameter, mean angle, angle tortuosity, arc length tortuosity, and fractal dimension of the retinal arteries and veins were quantified using a fully automated vessel segmentation and parameter calculation method. Linear and logistic regression models were applied to assess the associations between retinal parameters with general cognitive domains (general cognition, memory, visuospatial space, attention and numeracy, language, and orientation). Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves and areas under the ROC curve (AUCs) were used to evaluate the predictive performance of the retinal biomarkers. Results: A smaller central retinal arteriolar equivalent/central retinal venular equivalent ratio [odds ratio (OR) = 0.013, Conclusion: Specific retina parameters are associated with cognitive decline in patients with CSVD. These findings suggest that multimodal retinal evaluation might provide an objective, imaging-based adjunct to conventional subjective cognitive tests for screening cognitive impairment in patients with CSVD. Clinical trial registration: https://www.chictr.org.cn/, identifier ChiCTR 2100043346.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.