Hyperspectral differentiation of three grapevine yellows diseases and symptomatically similar stresses.

Purpose: The study aims to develop a method for detecting and discriminating grapevine yellows (GY) diseases, including Flavescence dorée (FD), Bois noir (BN), and Palatinate grapevine yellows (PGY), using hyperspectral imaging (HSI). Specifically, it seeks to address the challenge of symptom misclassification among visually similar diseases, such as distinguishing between GY diseases and other biotic and abiotic stresses. Methods: Hyperspectral images of detached leaves from field with GY diseases, Grapevine Leafroll-associated Virus (V), leafhopper (LH) infestation, iron deficiency (Fe), or magnesium deficiency (Mg) were acquired using a mobile platform in the laboratory or in the field. The images were taken in the spectral range of 400-1,000 nm. Classification models were trained on the mean spectra of the leaves to distinguish between different classes. Results: The model achieved F1-scores ranging from 54.2% to 96.8% for white cultivars and exceeded 95% for all six classes for black cultivars. When limited to GY classes and nonsymptomatic leaves, the F1-scores were 89.8%, 78.7%, 63.4%, and 53.4% for nonsymptomatic, FD, PGY, and BN, respectively. Conclusion: The study demonstrates the feasibilityof using HSI to detect and discriminate different biotic and abiotic stresses on grapevine leaves, including distinguishing between symptom-similar GY diseases. The developed mobile platform and classification models show promise for largescale monitoring and diagnosis of GY diseases, potentially improving disease management and reducing the risk of symptom misclassification.