ArticleNursing in critical care2026
Family Presence During Invasive Procedures or Resuscitation, Nurse Perception and Preparedness Questionnaire (FPDIP/R-NPPQ): A Validity and Reliability Study.
Article in Nursing in critical care, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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8 authors.
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Abstract
backgroundFamily presence during invasive procedures and resuscitation (FPDIP/R; FPDR) is increasingly advocated, yet no validated instrument assesses nurses' perceptions and preparedness including organisational readiness for implementation.
aimTo develop and psychometrically validate the FPDIP/R-NPPQ. STUDY
designA multicentre cross-sectional survey was conducted in three Italian hospitals (April-July 2024). Registered nurses (N = 212) completed a study-specific instrument initially comprising 52 items; psychometric analyses were performed on 37 Likert-type items. We applied a two-step strategy: exploratory factor analysis (EFA; parallel analysis, principal axis factoring, oblimin rotation, marker-index screening) followed by confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) using robust maximum likelihood for ordinal/non-normal data. Reliability was estimated via McDonald's ω. A grant from the Center of Excellence for Nursing Scholarship, Rome, March 2025, is funding this research.
resultsEFA supported a 19-item, three-factor solution explaining 57.47% of variance: (1) emotional value and relational benefits of family presence (5 items); (2) communication skills and structured management (6 items); and (3) operational support through a dedicated staff member (8 items). CFA confirmed good fit (RMSEA = 0.05, 90% CI 0.04-0.06; CFit = 0.36; CFI = 0.93; TLI = 0.92; SRMR = 0.07), with standardised loadings ranging 0.24-0.92 and ω = 0.82-0.87 across factors. Model refinement improved fit without permitting cross-loadings, preserving construct distinctiveness while accounting for localised method effects.
conclusionsThe FPDIP/R-NPPQ is a valid and reliable 19-item, three-factor instrument measuring nurses' readiness for family presence during invasive procedures and resuscitation. By distinguishing attitudes towards family presence, communication/management preparedness and organisational readiness (including the facilitator role), the tool enables services to identify implementation barriers and to plan targeted training and governance strategies prior to adopting FPDR/FPDIP policies. RELEVANCE TO CLINICAL PRACTICE: The FPDIP/R-NPPQ supports clinical governance by providing actionable subscale profiles to guide implementation of FPDIP/R. It can be used to baseline readiness across units, identify specific training and protocol needs and inform organisational decisions such as the allocation of a trained family facilitator, thereby supporting safer and more standardised family presence practices during critical procedures.
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