SynthesisMalaria journal2026
Prevalence of Plasmodium falciparum coinfection with Schistosoma haematobium and Schistosoma mansoni among children in sub-Saharan Africa: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
Synthesis in Malaria journal, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
backgroundMalaria and schistosomiasis are major public health challenges in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), with overlapping geographical distributions leading to high rates of coinfection among children. Plasmodium falciparum (P. falciparum) causes most severe malaria cases, while Schistosoma haematobium (S. haematobium) and Schistosoma mansoni (S. mansoni) are the predominant schistosome species. Coinfections result from shared environmental factors, but interactions between these parasites remain unclear due to inconsistent study findings. This systematic review and meta-analysis aim to provide pooled prevalence estimates of P. falciparum-Schistosoma coinfection in children aged 0-17 years in SSA.
methodThis systematic review and meta-analysis followed the PRISMA guidelines. We searched PubMed, the Cochrane Library, Web of Science, EBSCOhost, Google Scholar, ProQuest, and publisher platforms (Wiley Online Library, SpringerLink) and screened the reference lists for observational studies reporting coinfection with P. falciparum and S. haematobium and/or S. mansoni among children in SSA. Data from 21 eligible studies were extracted using Microsoft Excel and analysed using Stata version 17. Study quality was assessed using the Joanna Briggs Institute critical appraisal tool. Proportions were stabilized using the Freeman-Tukey double arcsine transformation, and pooled prevalence estimates with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated using a random-effects model. Heterogeneity was assessed using I
resultTwenty-one studies were included in this analysis. The aggregated prevalence of P. falciparum-S. haematobium coinfection was 10.0% (95% CI 6.0-14.0%), with substantial heterogeneity (I
conclusionCoinfections of P. falciparum and Schistosoma species remain a major health challenge in SSA, particularly affecting children owing to systemic healthcare gaps, poverty, and inadequate water and sanitation. Geographic and temporal patterns reflect persistent transmission hotspots, with diagnostic limitations underestimating the true prevalence. Effective control requires integrated public health strategies prioritizing children, combining medical treatment, improved sanitation, and affordable, sensitive diagnostics to stop transmission.
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