ArticleScientific reports2026
Multiparametric CEST and Z-spectrum analysis proton (ZAP) as biomarkers of human brain aging.
Article in Scientific reports, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
Chemical exchange saturation transfer (CEST) has been investigated to capture specific hydroxyl, amine, and amide protons. Z-spectrum analysis protons (ZAP) technique quantifies relaxation times of relatively free- ([Formula: see text]) and restricted exchange proton ([Formula: see text] ) pools, and their fractions (Ff and Fr) from a wider frequency range. Aging is related to brain neurodegeneration. However, the relationship between brain aging and macromolecular exchange protons remains unclear. Here we investigated brain aging by combining CEST and ZAP for comprehensive assessment of the macromolecules as potential biomarkers. Forty-three healthy adults (65.6 ± 16.0 years; 24 females) underwent 3-T experiments. Gray matter (GM), white matter (WM), and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) were automatically segmented, and regions of interest were drawn in hippocampus, substantia nigra, globus pallidus, putamen, caudate, and thalamus. Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient analysis revealed significant age-related increases in Ff across WM, CSF, hippocampus, substantia nigra, globus pallidus, and putamen (all P < 0.05), along with elevated [Formula: see text] in the cortical GM, WM, and thalamus (all P < 0.05). Amine signal in CSF decreased with age (P = 0.049). These results suggest age-related macromolecular alterations, highlighting CEST-ZAP metrics as promising biomarkers for brain aging and neurodegeneration.
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