Evidence map›Paper›PMID 41933249›Full record

ArticleAnnals of biomedical engineering2026

Physiological Load-Response in Synthetic Ligaments through Active Filament-Mixing Fabrication.

Joshua T Green, Jonathan J Slager, Mauricio Lopez, Zachary Chanoi, Calvin M Stewart, Roger V Gonzalez

Erratum issuedAbstract read
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In one paragraph

Article in Annals of biomedical engineering, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. An erratum has been issued. Not yet cited in PubMed.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
0citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

0 citing papers in PubMed.

No citing paper in PubMed yet.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

6 authors.

Joshua T GreenCollege of Engineering, Department of Engineering Education and Leadership, The University of Texas at El Paso, 500 W. University Ave., El Paso, TX, 79968, USA. jtgreen2@utep.edu.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-2853-113X
Jonathan J SlagerSchool of Engineering and Weapons, Department of Mechanical and Nuclear Engineering, United States Naval Academy, 590 Holloway Rd., Annapolis, MD, 21402, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-9988-922X
Mauricio LopezCollege of Engineering, Department of Metallurgical, Materials and Biomedical Engineering, The University of Texas at El Paso, 500 W. University Ave., El Paso, TX, 79968, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-5842-2562
Zachary ChanoiCollege of Engineering, Department of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering, The University of Texas at El Paso, 500 W. University Ave., El Paso, TX, 79968, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-2688-2673
Calvin M StewartCollege of Engineering, Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, The Ohio State University, 201W 19th Ave., Columbus, OH, 43210, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3621-8103
Roger V GonzalezCollege of Engineering, Department of Engineering Education and Leadership, The University of Texas at El Paso, 500 W. University Ave., El Paso, TX, 79968, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-0516-4437

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

purposeAdditive manufacturing has enhanced medical trainers and their functionality, but synthetic tissues that are both anatomically accurate and capable of replicating musculoskeletal load responses remain largely unexplored. The purpose of this study is to demonstrate fabrication of synthetic tissue using active filament-mixing fabrication to enable local composition control with thermoplastic compositions tuned to match the modulus of elasticity of the respective tissues and functionally graded transitions between ligament and bone.

methodsSynthetic femoral anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) tibial complexes were fabricated and tested at 30° flexion along the tibial and anatomical load orientations matching the test procedure performed on cadaveric femoral ACL tibial complexes by Woo et al. in 1991. Load parameters were facilitated by section grips integrated into the design of test specimens without requiring a multi-axis jig.

resultsAnatomical accuracy was achieved by modeling tissues from magnetic resonance imaging data. Specimens loaded in the tibial orientation have an ultimate load of 287 ± 37 N and stiffness of 62.8 ± 11 N/mm. Specimens loaded in the anatomical orientation have an ultimate load of 312 ± 6.5 N and a stiffness of 43.5 ± 3.4 N/mm.

conclusionAlthough load response in the synthetic tissue was less than its cadaveric counterpart due to bending load from flexion, the methods of this study are versatile, repeatable, and compatible with a wide variety of printable thermoplastics and composites which can be applied to other tissues, joints, and load conditions.

Indexed as

Active filament-mixing fabricationFused filament fabricationLocal composition controlMusculoskeletal biomechanicsSynthetic tissueThermoplastics

Identifiers

PMID41933249

What OpenQuestion holds

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Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.