Hybrid models of sparse and robust regression to solve heterogeneity problem in black pepper big data.

Data analytics is increasingly important in agriculture, particularly in smart farming, enhancing decision-making and sustainability. Research on factors affecting moisture content removal in black pepper drying using solar dryers is crucial for cost reduction and improving product quality and quantity. This drying process involves numerous parameters, resulting in big data complexity. Heterogeneity among these parameters can introduce bias, leading to incorrect inferences, while multicollinearity and outliers impact model validation and interpretation. This study proposes hybrid models of sparse and robust regression to solve the heterogeneity problem using black pepper big data. Sparse regression techniques such as elastic net, ridge and LASSO are used to identify the 25, 35, 45, 55 and 100 highest-ranking variables for black pepper moisture content removal. These models are hybridized with robust regression estimators (M Bi Square, M Hampel, M Huber, S and MM) for handling outliers. Results indicate that before heterogeneity, the hybrid Ridge model with M Bi-Square performs best under both 2-sigma and 3-sigma limits. After heterogeneity removal, LASSO model with S estimator proves to be the most effective across both limits.