ArticleScientific reports2026
Metabolomic profiles reveal physiological transitions required for long-distance avian migration.
Article in Scientific reports, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
Long-distance migratory birds undergo profound physiological changes throughout their annual cycle, particularly during the non-breeding season, which includes periods of recovery, maintenance, and preparation for migration. Here, we used an untargeted gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS) metabolomic approach to characterize plasma metabolite profiles in Hudsonian godwits (Limosa haemastica) across three distinct stages of the non-breeding season: post-arrival, maintenance, and pre-departure. We identified 141 metabolites associated with key metabolic pathways, including carbohydrate, amino acid, and lipid metabolism. Metabolomic profiles showed a progressive seasonal transition, with clear separation between post-arrival and pre-departure stages, and individuals displaying an intermediate metabolic profile during maintenance. Post-arrival individuals exhibited metabolite signatures linked to muscle repair, lipid catabolism, and oxidative stress recovery. In contrast, pre-departure individuals showed upregulation of metabolites involved in carbohydrate remodeling, unsaturated fatty acid biosynthesis, and steroid metabolism, reflecting physiological preparation for long-distance flight. Our results reveal a dynamic and stage-specific metabolic strategy that underscores the phenotypic flexibility of godwits during the non-breeding season. These findings provide new insights into the physiological mechanisms underlying endurance migration and the metabolic flexibility of migratory shorebirds.
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