Trial reportPloS one2026
Perception and acceptance of micronutrient-Fortified Bouillon among Non-Index Household Members: A longitudinal sub-study nested within a randomized trial in Northern Ghana.
Trial report in PloS one, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT05178407 (Effect of Household Use of Multiple Micronutrient-fortified Bouillon on Micronutrient Status Among Women and Children in Two Districts in the Northern Region of Ghana), which is not on this map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Effect of Household Use of Multiple Micronutrient-fortified Bouillon on Micronutrient Status Among Women and Children in Two Districts in the Northern Region of Ghana
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Authors and funding
13 authors.
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No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundFortified bouillon cubes offer a scalable strategy to address micronutrient deficiencies in West Africa. However, success depends on household members' perceptions and acceptance. This study assessed changes in perception and acceptance of fortified bouillon cubes over time and explored factors influencing these outcomes among non-index household members (NIHMs) from trial households in Northern Ghana.
methodsThis longitudinal mixed-methods study was nested within a double-masked randomised controlled trial. Households received micronutrient-fortified bouillon cubes (vitamin A, vitamin B12, folic acid, iron, zinc, iodine) or control cubes (iodine only) for nine months. One NIHM (≥15 years) per household (n = 1,047) was enrolled. Structured interviews were conducted during early (months 1-2; n = 731) and late (months 7-9; n = 796) phases. Composite perception (8 items) and acceptance (10 items) scores (range: 1-5; higher scores = more positive perceptions/greater acceptance) were derived from an 18-item validated instrument. Bayesian linear mixed-effects models assessed temporal changes and associated individual and household factors. Twenty-four focus group discussions (months 4-5) explored drivers and barriers.
resultsMean age of NIHMs was 40 ± 14.7 years; 59% were female. Perception scores increased over seven months, from 3.4 to 4.1 (adjusted posterior mean difference [aPMD] = 0.69; 95% credible interval [CrI]: 0.57, 0.81). Acceptance remained high (4.59 to 4.58; aPMD = -0.02; 95% CrI: -0.07, 0.03). No differences were observed between trial arms. At early timepoint, perception scores were lower among household heads compared with other household members, and lower among formal employees compared with farmers. Acceptance was higher among individuals from severely food-insecure households and lower among those from mildly food-insecure households. Focus groups revealed that perceived health benefits, sensory appeal, and cultural fit drove acceptance, while infertility-related myths and food colour changes were barriers.
conclusionFortified bouillon cubes were accepted, with perceptions improving over time. Public education will be essential to address misconceptions.
trial registrationClinicalTrials.gov (NCT05178407); Pan-African Clinical Trial Registry (PACTR202206868437931). The authors confirm that all ongoing and related trials for this intervention are registered.
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