Evidence map›Paper›PMID 41930925›Full record

ArticleVeterinary medicine and science2026

First Complete Morphological Description of Schistosoma Reflexum in a Llama.

Carmen Luginbühl, Lea A Hiller, Elke Van der Vekens, Bettina A Weber, Cord Drögemüller, Patrik Zanolari, Corinne Gurtner, Joana Jacinto

Abstract readCase Reports
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in Veterinary medicine and science, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
0citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

0 citing papers in PubMed.

No citing paper in PubMed yet.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

8 authors.

Carmen LuginbühlClinic for Ruminants, Department of Clinical Veterinary Science, Vetsuisse-Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.ORCID https://orcid.org/0009-0003-5854-7957
Lea A HillerInstitute of Animal Pathology, Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse-Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.ORCID https://orcid.org/0009-0003-3371-0068
Elke Van der VekensDivision of Clinical Radiology, Department of Clinical Veterinary Science, Vetsuisse-Faculty, Bern, Switzerland.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1818-4285
Bettina A WeberInstitute of Genetics, Department of Clinical Research and Veterinary Public Health, Vetsuisse-Faculty, Bern, Switzerland.ORCID https://orcid.org/0009-0009-3749-0553
Cord DrögemüllerInstitute of Genetics, Department of Clinical Research and Veterinary Public Health, Vetsuisse-Faculty, Bern, Switzerland.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9773-522X
Patrik ZanolariClinic for Ruminants, Department of Clinical Veterinary Science, Vetsuisse-Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9549-2487
Corinne GurtnerInstitute of Animal Pathology, Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse-Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.ORCID https://orcid.org/0009-0004-7212-3189
Joana JacintoClinic for Ruminants, Department of Clinical Veterinary Science, Vetsuisse-Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6438-7975

Funding

Faculty Clinical Research Platform (FCRP) of the Vetsuisse-Faculty of the University of Bern
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Schistosoma reflexum (SR) is a lethal congenital malformation characterized by severe spinal retroflexion, thoracoabdominoschisis with visceral exposure. This case report aims to describe the morphology and pathology of SR in a llama. A white male llama (Lama glama) cria was delivered with dystocia following a normal gestation. Pathological examination revealed a severe U-shaped retroflexion of the spine, thoracolumbar scoliosis and sacral levoscoliosis, abdominoschisis, arthrogryposis, asymmetrical costal malformations, a ventricular septal defect and atresia recti and ani. Computed tomography (CT) of the eviscerated corpus confirmed the severe skeletal dysplasia, including retroflexion and levoscoliosis of the thoracolumbar and sacral spine, a cervical transitional vertebra, costal malformations and multiple angular limb deformities of hindlimbs, as well as bilateral coxofemoral joint subluxation and medial patella luxation on the left side. RT-qPCR testing excluded teratogenic viral infections. Pathology confirmed the diagnosis of an SR-type malformation and CT helped to further characterize the skeletal malformations that define SR. This is the first specific morphological description of SR in a llama and highlights the complementary value of CT and postmortem examination for characterizing complex congenital malformations in camelids.

Indexed as

Camelids, New WorldSchistosomaAnimalsMalecongenital malformationcriadystociaNew World camelidsSouth American camelids

Identifiers

PMID41930925
PMCPMC13051821

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Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.