Evidence map›Paper›PMID 41930248›Full record

ArticleFrontiers in molecular biosciences2026

Differences in concentration of neuron-specific enolase (NSE), neutrophil elastase (NE), and calcium-binding protein S100B in viral diseases: a pilot study focused on normoglycemic COVID-19 patients.

Joanna Adamiec-Mroczek, Agnieszka Bronowicka-Szydełko, Łukasz Lewandowski, Beata Nowak, Anna Turno-Kręcicka, Marta Misiuk-Hojło, Marta Stanek, Agnieszka Matera-Witkiewicz, Magdalena Krupińska, Kinga Gostomska-Pampuch and 12 more

Abstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in Frontiers in molecular biosciences, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
0citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

0 citing papers in PubMed.

No citing paper in PubMed yet.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

22 authors.

Joanna Adamiec-MroczekClinical Department of Ophthalmology, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland.
Agnieszka Bronowicka-SzydełkoDepartment of Biochemistry and Immunochemistry, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland.
Łukasz LewandowskiDepartment of Biochemistry and Immunochemistry, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland.
Beata NowakDepartment of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland.
Anna Turno-KręcickaClinical Department of Ophthalmology, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland.
Marta Misiuk-HojłoClinical Department of Ophthalmology, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland.
Marta StanekThe Tadeusz Dorobisz Regional Centre for Blood Donation and Blood Treatment, Wroclaw, Poland.
Agnieszka Matera-WitkiewiczScreening of Biological Activity Assays and Collection of Biological Material Laboratory, Wroclaw Medical University Biobank, Wroclaw, Poland.
Magdalena KrupińskaScreening of Biological Activity Assays and Collection of Biological Material Laboratory, Wroclaw Medical University Biobank, Wroclaw, Poland.
Kinga Gostomska-PampuchDepartment of Biochemistry and Immunochemistry, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland.
Edwin KuźnikClinical Department of Diabetology, Hypertension and Internal Diseases, Institute of Internal Diseases, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland.
Maciej RabczyńskiClinical Department of Diabetology, Hypertension and Internal Diseases, Institute of Internal Diseases, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland.
Małgorzata MatusiewiczDepartment of Biochemistry and Immunochemistry, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland.
Izabela BerdowskaDepartment of Biochemistry and Immunochemistry, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland.
Martyna KorbeckaDepartment of Biochemistry and Immunochemistry, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland.
Daria MykhailovaDepartment of Biochemistry and Immunochemistry, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland.
Zuzanna PrzystupaNon-public Specialist Medical Practice Adrian Wojciech Przystupa, Bielsk Podlaski, Poland.
Beata SmykClinical Department of Diabetology, Hypertension and Internal Diseases, Institute of Internal Diseases, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland.
Anna WojakowskaClinical Department of Diabetology, Hypertension and Internal Diseases, Institute of Internal Diseases, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland.
Amedeo AmedeiDepartment of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy.
Małgorzata Trocha *Clinical Department of Diabetology, Hypertension and Internal Diseases, Institute of Internal Diseases, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland.
Katarzyna Madziarska *Clinical Department of Diabetology, Hypertension and Internal Diseases, Institute of Internal Diseases, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

SARS-CoV-2 infection is characterized by a wide spectrum of clinical severity. Despite more than 2 years having passed since the end of the COVID-19 pandemic, the virus's properties continue to form the basis for developing diagnostic and therapeutic models relevant to future epidemics. The aim of this study was to evaluate the diagnostic utility of classical inflammatory and metabolic markers, as well as potential variables associated with COVID-19 condition, such as neutrophil elastase (NE), neuron-specific enolase (NSE), and S100B protein. The analysis was conducted in carefully selected, homogeneous groups: the study group (patients with symptomatic COVID-19, without comorbidities) and the control group (healthy individuals, without comorbidities), with approximately 100 participants in each group. In the study group, significantly higher values were observed for numerous markers, including basophils, creatinine, eosinophils, HbA1c, HDL cholesterol, lymphocytes, monocytes, neutrophils, hemoglobin, hematocrit, platelets, as well as NSE and S100B. In a multivariate model assessing the likelihood of a result compared to the control group, monocyte count was positively associated with increased odds (OR = 1.6487; 95% CI: 1.2480-2.4318; p = 0.0001). Neutrophil count showed a positive association per 10-unit increase (OR = 1.0377; 95% CI: 1.0214-1.0622; p < 0.0001). Finally, NSE was also positively associated with increased odds (OR = 1.1466 per unit increase; 95% CI: 1.0175-1.2998; p = 0.0218).

Indexed as

calcium-binding protein S100BCOVID-19neuron-specific enolase (NSE)neutrophil elastase (NE)SARS-CoV-2

Identifiers

PMID41930248
PMCPMC13038554

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.