ArticleOpen forum infectious diseases2026
Impact of Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine Immunization on Nasopharyngeal Carriage of
Article in Open forum infectious diseases, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
0 citing papers in PubMed.
No citing paper in PubMed yet.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
11 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Background: Following pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV) introduction in El Salvador, data on pneumococcal nasopharyngeal (NP) carriage in children are limited. This study assessed NP carriage of Methods: In this analytical cross-sectional study, 380 fully vaccinated children attending well-child visits were enrolled over 1 year. Nasopharyngeal swabs were collected to determine Results: Overall carriage prevalence was 14.2%. Carriage was 3 times higher in children receiving PCV10 alone compared to PCV13 alone (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 3.0, 95% CI 1.5-6.1). No carriers were identified in the PCV10 + PCV13 group. The most frequent serotype was 22F (non-vaccine type), followed by 23B, 19F, and 19Fv. Only 22% of isolated serotypes were covered by available PCVs. Significant risk factors for carriage included younger age (1 year; aOR 2.8, 95% CI 1.4-5.6) and maternal education below high school level (aOR 2.2, 95% CI 1.1-4.3). Carriage decreased significantly with increasing age. Isolates showed high sensitivity to penicillin and other common antibiotics. Conclusions: Vaccine type significantly influences NP carriage. The predominance of non-vaccine serotypes and lower carriage with PCV13 and mixed schedules highlights the need for ongoing serotype surveillance to update national immunization strategies and optimize protection against pneumococcal disease.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.