Evidence map›Paper›PMID 41929511›Full record

ReviewFrontiers in immunology2026

Next-generation immunotherapy biologics for glioblastoma.

Ethan Schonfeld, Adam Sjoholm, Joe Ha, Justin Liu, George Nageeb, Shreyas Annagiri, Lily Kim, John Choi, Michael Lim

Abstract readReview
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Review in Frontiers in immunology, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
0citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

0 citing papers in PubMed.

No citing paper in PubMed yet.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

9 authors.

Ethan SchonfeldStanford University School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States.
Adam SjoholmStanford University School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States.
Joe HaStanford University School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States.
Justin LiuStanford University School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States.
George NageebStanford University School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States.
Shreyas AnnagiriStanford School of Humanities and Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States.
Lily KimDepartment of Neurosurgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States.
John ChoiDepartment of Neurosurgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States.
Michael LimDepartment of Neurosurgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Glioblastoma (GBM) remains largely resistant to immunotherapy despite the success of immune checkpoint inhibitors in other solid tumors. Phase III trials have not demonstrated survival benefit for anti-PD-1 monotherapy, likely reflecting the GBM tumor microenvironment's profound myeloid-driven immunosuppression, low neoantigen burden, intratumoral heterogeneity, and adaptive resistance. These challenges have driven the development of next-generation immunotherapy biologics designed to reprogram the tumor microenvironment and overcome the innate and adaptive resistance of GBM. This review synthesizes advances in immunotherapy biologics including immune checkpoint combinations, cytokine and immunomodulatory proteins, adoptive cell therapies, vaccines, and oncolytic viruses, highlighting key preclinical insights and emerging clinical trial results. We conclude that improved tumor subtyping and immune profiling will be crucial to guide combination strategies that may achieve durable clinical benefit in GBM.

Indexed as

Biological ProductsBrain NeoplasmsGlioblastomaImmunotherapyAnimalsCancer VaccinesHumansImmune Checkpoint InhibitorsOncolytic VirotherapyOncolytic VirusesTumor MicroenvironmentBiological ProductsCancer VaccinesImmune Checkpoint Inhibitorsbiologicscancer vaccinationCAR (chimeric antigen receptor) T cellscheckpoint inhibitionglioblastomaimmunotherapymyeloid derived suppressor cells (MDSCs)oncolytic virus

Identifiers

PMID41929511
PMCPMC13039018

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.