SynthesisFrontiers in immunology2026
Risk factors for pulmonary complications in systemic lupus erythematosus: a meta-analysis of infectious pneumonia and interstitial lung disease.
Synthesis in Frontiers in immunology, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
1 citing paper in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Factors Associated with Systemic Lupus Erythematosus-Associated Interstitial Lung Disease and Clinical Outcomes: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania) · 2026Pooled it
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
6 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Background: Pulmonary complications (PC), including infectious pneumonia (IP) and non-infectious interstitial lung disease (ILD), are major contributors of morbidity and mortality in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). As they are fundamentally different with respect to their respective etiologies and pathophysiology, we aimed to comprehensively identify and compare their risk factors. Methods: We conducted a comprehensive literature search in seven electronic databases from database inception to September 2025. Pooled effect sizes were computed using appropriate model-based methods and thoroughly examined for heterogeneity. Our analytical approach advanced an evidence stratification framework that integrated both univariate associations and multivariate-adjusted results, which classified factors into four strata of findings: robust independent risk factors, preliminary independent risk factors, potential risk factors, and protective factors. Results: In total, 16 studies comprising 6,978 participants yielded fundamentally distinct risk architectures. IP was predominantly driven by immunosuppression and systemic inflammation, with robust independent risk factors including advanced age, pulmonary involvement, high CRP/WBC, immunosuppressant use, and antibacterial drug use. In contrast, ILD was strongly driven by autoimmunity and vascular pathology, with preliminary independent risk factors including Raynaud's phenomenon, anti-Sm antibody positivity, high IgG and C4 levels. Most strikingly, serum IgG emerged as two strongly associated factors: low levels of serum IgG protected against IP, whereas high levels of serum IgG increased ILD risk. Conclusion: This is the first study to systematically stratify PC risk factors in SLE, demonstrating their distinct pathogenesis. The hierarchic framework allows a shift from a uniform management mindset to individualized risk evaluation for the respective complications, supportimg targeted prevention and early detection strategies. Systematic review registration: https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO/view, identifier CRD420251020965.
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