ArticlebioRxiv : the preprint server for biology2026
MLL3/4 methyltransferases regulate the differentiation of pluripotent stem cells through coordinating glycolysis and mitochondrial respiration.
Article in bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
Enhancer-regulating epigenetic modifiers play critical roles in normal physiological processes and human pathogenesis. The major enhancer regulator paralogs MLL3 and MLL4 (MLL3/4) belong to the lysine methyltransferase 2 (KMT2) family, which catalyzes the methylation of lysine 4 on histone H3 (H3K4me). MLL3/4 are required for enhancer activation and are essential for mammalian development and stem cell differentiation. Although recent studies have linked MLL3/4 with different metabolic pathways in the regulation of stem cell self-renewal and cancer cell growth, the mechanisms connecting enhancer function to metabolic control remain elusive. Here, using respiration flux assays, stable isotope tracing, transcriptomics, and stem cell biology techniques, we show that the loss of MLL3/4 impairs glycolysis and mitochondrial respiration in murine embryonic stem cells. Mechanistically, MLL3/4 deficiency suppresses the expression of the rate-limiting glycolytic enzyme hexokinase 2 (HK2) and compromises the function of the oxoglutarate dehydrogenase (OGDH) complex, thereby coordinately impairing central carbon metabolism. Remarkably, combined restoration of HK2 and OGDH rescues the metabolic defects caused by MLL3/4 loss and reinstates differentiation capacity. Taken together, our study identifies a direct link between enhancer-regulating epigenetic machineries and metabolic control of cell fate transition, providing a mechanistic framework for understanding how enhancer malfunction contributes to developmental abnormalities and human diseases.
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