Evidence map›Paper›PMID 41928970›Full record

ArticlebioRxiv : the preprint server for biology2026

Female-enriched

Rachel R Rock, Margaret Alexander, Cecilia Noecker, Kai R Trepka, Vaibhav Upadhyay, Edwin F Ortega, Lorenzo Ramirez, Lena Siewert, Christine A Olson, Taylor Halsey and 3 more

Abstract readPreprint
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
0citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

0 citing papers in PubMed.

No citing paper in PubMed yet.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

13 authors.

Rachel R RockDepartment of Microbiology & Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA USA.
Margaret AlexanderDepartment of Microbiology & Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA USA.
Cecilia NoeckerDepartment of Microbiology & Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA USA.
Kai R TrepkaDepartment of Microbiology & Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA USA.
Vaibhav UpadhyayDepartment of Microbiology & Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA USA.
Edwin F OrtegaDepartment of Microbiology & Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA USA.
Lorenzo RamirezDepartment of Microbiology & Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA USA.
Lena SiewertCenter for Neurology & Clinic for Neuroimmunology and Neuromuscular Diseases, University Hospital and University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany.
Christine A OlsonDepartment of Microbiology & Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA USA.
Taylor HalseyDepartment of Microbiology & Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA USA.
Anne-Katrin PröbstelCenter for Neurology & Clinic for Neuroimmunology and Neuromuscular Diseases, University Hospital and University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany.
Sergio E BaranziniDepartment of Neurology, Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA USA.ORCID 0000-0003-0067-194X
Peter J TurnbaughDepartment of Microbiology & Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA USA.ORCID 0000-0002-0888-2875

Funding

Research BaseP30DK063720 · NIDDK · UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, SAN FRANCISCO · PI GERMAN, MICHAEL S · 2003 to 2019
$21.8M
DIABETES, ENDOCRINOLOGY &METABOLISM TRAINING PROGRAMT32DK007418 · NIDDK · UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, SAN FRANCISCO · PI EDWARD C HSIAO · 1986 to 2026
$14.3M
Predicting and preventing drug metabolism by the human gut microbiomeR01HL122593 · NHLBI · UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, SAN FRANCISCO · PI Peter James Turnbaugh · 2016 to 2026
$5.7M
Metabolism of cancer chemotherapeutics by the human gut microbiomeR01CA255116 · NCI · UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, SAN FRANCISCO · PI Peter James Turnbaugh · 2023 to 2026
$3.1M
Host-microbiome interactions shape the metabolic effects of ketogenic dietsR01DK114034 · NIDDK · UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, SAN FRANCISCO · PI TURNBAUGH, PETER JAMES · 2020 to 2024
$2.5M
NCI NIH HHS R01 CA255116NHLBI NIH HHS R01 HL122593NIDDK NIH HHS P30 DK063720NIDDK NIH HHS R01 DK114034NIDDK NIH HHS T32 DK007418
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Women are at increased risk of autoimmune diseases, including multiple sclerosis (MS); however, the degree to which sex differences in the gut microbiota impact autoimmunity remains largely unexplored. Our 27-cohort meta-analysis revealed 60 sex-associated gut bacterial species. Leveraging an independent clinical cohort, we demonstrate that female-enriched species significantly associate with MS status and clinical disability (EDSS). Top female-enriched species

Indexed as

autoimmune diseaseEggerthella lentagut-brain axishuman gut microbiomemeta-analysismultiple sclerosissex as a biological variableT helper 17 cellsT helper 1 cellsToll-like receptor 2

Identifiers

PMID41928970
PMCPMC13042044

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.