Evidence map›Paper›PMID 41928963›Full record

ArticlebioRxiv : the preprint server for biology2026

Inter-individual variation of cellular and gene-expression properties of the human striatum.

Steven Burger, Olivia Yoo, James Nemesh, Ezra Muratoglu, Charles Vanderburg, Jiayi Yuan, Khalid Shakir, Curtis J Mello, Nirmala A Rayan, Julianna Milidantri and 27 more

Abstract readPreprint
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
0citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

0 citing papers in PubMed.

No citing paper in PubMed yet.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

37 authors.

Steven BurgerBroad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA.
Olivia YooBroad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA.
James NemeshBroad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA.
Ezra MuratogluBroad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA.
Charles VanderburgBroad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA.
Jiayi YuanBroad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA.
Khalid ShakirBroad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA.
Curtis J MelloBroad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA.
Nirmala A RayanBroad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA.
Julianna MilidantriBroad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA.
Kathleen KimBroad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA.
Sadie DrouinBroad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA.
Emily FinnBroad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA.
Haoyuan GaoBroad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA.
Nikita BudnikBroad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA.
Melissa GoldmanBroad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA.
Haley FritchBroad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA.
Giulio GenoveseBroad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA.
Marina HoganBroad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA.
Olivia CataliniBroad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA.
Seva KashinBroad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA.
Nicole RockweilerBroad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA.
Alec WysokerBroad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA.
Lauren MacaisaBroad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA.
Lucas ReeseBroad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA.
Katelyn FlowersBroad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA.
Andrew W KraftBroad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA.
Stephen J FlemingBroad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA.
Madelynn CoeBroad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA.
Riyaan GunaratneBroad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA.
Liv SpinaBroad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA.
Catherine CrombieBroad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA.
Abir MohsinBroad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA.
Nolan KamitakiBroad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA.
Evan Z MacoskoBroad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA.
Kiku IchiharaBroad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA.
Steven A McCarrollBroad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA.

Funding

An Atlas of Human Brain Cell VariationUM1MH130966 · NIMH · BROAD INSTITUTE, INC. · PI Evan Z Macosko, Steven Andrew McCarroll · 2022 to 2026
$67.5M
NIMH NIH HHS UM1 MH130966
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

The human brain varies from person to person in ways that shape behaviors and vulnerabilities, yet the cellular and molecular bases for inter-individual variation are largely unknown. Here we describe an analysis of cellular and gene-expression variation in four key structures of the striatum complex - the caudate, putamen, nucleus accumbens, and internal capsule - as well as the prefrontal cortex, from single-nucleus RNA-seq analysis of 3.9 million nuclei from 178 adult brain donors. We found that people with more astrocytes in any one brain region tended to have this property in all brain regions sampled; the same was true of striatal interneurons, microglia, and oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs). OPCs showed attrition with age, declining in numbers by approximately 40% between age 30 and age 80 in both gray matter and white matter regions. We identified thousands of age-associated (but few sex-associated) variations in gene expression; the vast majority of these effects of age were cell-type-specific. Aging most strongly affected gene expression in projection neurons - especially striatal medium spiny neurons (MSNs/SPNs) - and had a much smaller effect on gene expression in interneurons. Individuals' ages could be predicted to within about five years based on RNA-expression patterns from any of the striatal cell types. Common genetic variants detectably affected the expression levels of some ten thousand genes; the great majority of these effects were cell-type-specific. These data will provide a foundation for exploring natural inter-individual variation, aging, and tissue-based studies of human brain vulnerabilities.

Identifiers

PMID41928963
PMCPMC13042060

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.