Evidence map›Paper›PMID 41928519›Full record

ArticleImmunity2026

Multiplexed antigen panel analysis identifies B cell phenotype and receptor genetic contributions to antibody breadth.

Oliver F Wirz, Prasanti Kotagiri, Emily Haraguchi, Katharina Röltgen, Molly Hunter, Erin Craig, Jumana Afaghani, Ji-Yeun Lee, Sandra C A Nielsen, Ramona A Hoh and 27 more

Abstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in Immunity, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
1citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

1 citing paper in PubMed.

  1. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

37 authors.

Oliver F WirzDepartment of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
Prasanti KotagiriDepartment of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Department of Immunology and Pathology, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia. Electronic address: pkotagir@stanford.edu.
Emily HaraguchiDepartment of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
Katharina RöltgenDepartment of Medical Parasitology and Infection Biology, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Allschwil, Switzerland; University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.
Molly HunterATUM, Newark, CA 94560, USA.
Erin CraigDepartment of Biomedical Data Science, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94304, USA.
Jumana AfaghaniDepartment of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
Ji-Yeun LeeDepartment of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
Sandra C A NielsenDepartment of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
Ramona A HohDepartment of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
Taylor PursellDepartment of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
Prabhu S ArunachalamDepartment of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
Monali ManoharSean N. Parker Center for Allergy and Asthma Research, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94304, USA.
Iris ChangDivision of Hematology, Oncology, Stem Cell Transplantation and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94304, USA.
Jackson P SchuetzSean N. Parker Center for Allergy and Asthma Research, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94304, USA.
Brandon LamDepartment of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
Andrea FernandesSean N. Parker Center for Allergy and Asthma Research, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94304, USA.
Evan DoSean N. Parker Center for Allergy and Asthma Research, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94304, USA.
Donna SmithSierra Donor Services, West Sacramento, CA 95691, USA.
Brian HaSierra Donor Services, West Sacramento, CA 95691, USA.
Linda LiaoClinical Genomics Laboratory, Stanford Health Care, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA.
Javaria NajeebDepartment of Structural Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94304, USA.
Ana R Otrelo-CardosoDepartment of Structural Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94304, USA.
Chandler HoClinical Genomics Laboratory, Stanford Health Care, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA.
Jacob N WohlstadterMeso Scale Diagnostics, LLC., Rockville, MD, USA.
George B SigalMeso Scale Diagnostics, LLC., Rockville, MD, USA.
Theodore S JardetzkyDepartment of Structural Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94304, USA.
Stuart A ScottDepartment of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Clinical Genomics Laboratory, Stanford Health Care, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA.
Sean Van SlyckSierra Donor Services, West Sacramento, CA 95691, USA.
Mark M DavisDepartment of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Institute for Immunity, Transplantation and Infection, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94304, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
Bali PulendranDepartment of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Institute for Immunity, Transplantation and Infection, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94304, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
Jeremy MinshullATUM, Newark, CA 94560, USA.
Benjamin A PinskyDepartment of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
Kari C NadeauDepartment of Environmental Health, T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, and Division of Allergy and Inflammation, Beth Israel Deaconess Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
Claus U NiemannDepartment of Anesthesia and Perioperative Care and Department of Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.
Fan YangShenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China. Electronic address: f.yang1@siat.ac.cn.
Scott D BoydDepartment of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Sean N. Parker Center for Allergy and Asthma Research, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94304, USA. Electronic address: publications_scott_boyd@stanford.edu.

Funding

VACCINE INDUCED IMMUNITY IN THE YOUNG AND AGEDU19AI057266 · NIAID · EMORY UNIVERSITY · PI Rafi Ahmed · 2003 to 2026
$81.7M
Systems Biological Analysis of Innate and Adaptive Responses to VaccinationU19AI090023 · NIAID · EMORY UNIVERSITY · PI AHMED, RAFI, LI, SHUZHAO · 2010 to 2021
$45.0M
Project 3: T CellsU54CA260517 · NCI · STANFORD UNIVERSITY · PI WANG, TAIA · 2020 to 2024
$10.4M
Effects of aging on primary and secondary vaccine responses in a 15-year longitudinal cohortR01AI130398 · NIAID · STANFORD UNIVERSITY · PI BOYD, SCOTT DEXTER · 2017 to 2021
$4.0M
Storage and recall of human B cell memory of influenza over tissues and timeR01AI127877 · NIAID · STANFORD UNIVERSITY · PI BOYD, SCOTT DEXTER · 2017 to 2021
$2.0M
NCI NIH HHS U54 CA260517NIAID NIH HHS R01 AI127877NIAID NIH HHS R01 AI130398NIAID NIH HHS U19 AI057266NIAID NIH HHS U19 AI090023
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

The cellular, immunogenetic, and antigenic factors affecting the breadth of viral antigen variants recognized by human antibody responses are poorly defined. We developed highly multiplexed panels of DNA-tagged SARS-CoV-2 antigens from up to 20 viral variants to label and sort 6,262 antigen-binding circulating B cells from previously naive mRNA vaccinees or infected patients, and from deceased organ donor lymphoid tissues, to enable antigen receptor and transcriptome sequencing. Atypical B cells and a subset of class-switched memory cells with evidence of recent germinal center exposure were enriched for antigen binding. In contrast to atypical B cells, post-germinal center B cells showed progressively increasing variant binding breadth and somatic hypermutation over time. Vaccination, compared with infection, preferentially stimulated B cells expressing antibodies with inherently high antigen-binding breadth. This large-scale analysis reveals key determinants of antigen-binding breadth, critical for understanding responses to viral infection and guiding vaccine development against rapidly mutating viruses.

Indexed as

Antibodies, ViralAntigens, ViralB-LymphocytesCOVID-19Receptors, Antigen, B-CellSARS-CoV-2COVID-19 VaccinesGerminal CenterHumansPhenotypeSomatic Hypermutation, ImmunoglobulinAntibodies, ViralAntigens, ViralCOVID-19 VaccinesReceptors, Antigen, B-Cellantibodyantigen-specific B cellatypical B cellB cellB cell receptorCOVID-19infectionmRNA vaccinationSARS-CoV-2single-cell transcriptomeviral variants

Identifiers

PMID41928519
PMCPMC13456080

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Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.