Evidence map›Paper›PMID 41927920›Full record

ArticleNature methods2026

CREsted: modeling genomic and synthetic cell-type-specific enhancers across tissues and species.

Niklas Kempynck, Seppe De Winter, Casper H Blaauw, Vasileios Konstantakos, Eren Can Ekşi, Sam Dieltiens, Darina Abaffyová, Valérie Bercier, Ibrahim I Taskiran, Gert Hulselmans and 5 more

Abstract read
In one paragraph

Article in Nature methods, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 13 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
13citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

13 citing papers in PubMed.

  1. Article
  2. Article
  3. Article
  4. ModelingbioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026
    Article
  5. Article
  6. A consensus spinal cord cell type atlas across mouse, macaque, and human.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026
    Article
  7. Article
  8. Article
  9. Cross-species consensus atlas of the primate basal ganglia.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2025
    Article
  10. Article
  11. Article
  12. GAME: Genomic API for Model Evaluation.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2025
    Article
  13. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

15 authors.

Niklas Kempynck *Laboratory of Computational Biology, VIB Center for AI and Computational Biology (VIB.AI), Leuven, Belgium.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-0104-4844
Seppe De Winter *Laboratory of Computational Biology, VIB Center for AI and Computational Biology (VIB.AI), Leuven, Belgium.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-7907-1247
Casper H BlaauwLaboratory of Computational Biology, VIB Center for AI and Computational Biology (VIB.AI), Leuven, Belgium.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-8145-9726
Vasileios KonstantakosLaboratory of Computational Biology, VIB Center for AI and Computational Biology (VIB.AI), Leuven, Belgium.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-0332-7506
Eren Can EkşiLaboratory of Computational Biology, VIB Center for AI and Computational Biology (VIB.AI), Leuven, Belgium.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3122-9858
Sam DieltiensLaboratory of Computational Biology, VIB Center for AI and Computational Biology (VIB.AI), Leuven, Belgium.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-1165-2189
Darina AbaffyováLaboratory of Computational Biology, VIB Center for AI and Computational Biology (VIB.AI), Leuven, Belgium.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-0636-517X
Valérie BercierVIB-KU Leuven Center for Brain and Disease Research, Leuven, Belgium.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-2672-7705
Ibrahim I TaskiranLaboratory of Computational Biology, VIB Center for AI and Computational Biology (VIB.AI), Leuven, Belgium.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-5077-5264
Gert HulselmansLaboratory of Computational Biology, VIB Center for AI and Computational Biology (VIB.AI), Leuven, Belgium.
Katina SpanierLaboratory of Computational Biology, VIB Center for AI and Computational Biology (VIB.AI), Leuven, Belgium.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-1375-4157
Valerie ChristiaensLaboratory of Computational Biology, VIB Center for AI and Computational Biology (VIB.AI), Leuven, Belgium.
Ludo Van Den BoschVIB-KU Leuven Center for Brain and Disease Research, Leuven, Belgium.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-0104-4067
Lukas MahieuLaboratory of Computational Biology, VIB Center for AI and Computational Biology (VIB.AI), Leuven, Belgium.ORCID http://orcid.org/0009-0002-5085-6985
Stein AertsLaboratory of Computational Biology, VIB Center for AI and Computational Biology (VIB.AI), Leuven, Belgium. stein.aerts@kuleuven.be.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-8006-0315

Funding

Association Belge contre les Maladies Neuro-Musculaires (Belgian Association against Neuromuscular Disorders)Fondation Thierry Latran (Thierry Latran Foundation)Fonds Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek (Research Foundation Flanders) 1191323NFonds Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek (Research Foundation Flanders) 1267625NFonds Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek (Research Foundation Flanders) 1SH6J24NFonds Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek (Research Foundation Flanders) G0C1620N, G088523N and G026924NFonds Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek (Research Foundation Flanders) S005024N, G0I2722N EOS ID 40007513, G094121N, G044124NKU Leuven (Katholieke Universiteit Leuven) C14/22/132, IDN/22/012 and "Opening the Future" FundMuscular Dystrophy Association (Muscular Dystrophy Association Inc.)Stichting Tegen Kanker (Belgian Foundation Against Cancer) 2020-1396Stichting Tegen Kanker (Belgian Foundation Against Cancer) 2024-140
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Sequence-based deep learning models have become the state of the art for analyzing the genomic regulatory code. Particularly for enhancers, these models excel at deciphering sequence grammar that underlies their activity. To enable end-to-end enhancer modeling and design, we developed a software package called CREsted (cis-regulatory element sequence training, explanation and design). It combines preprocessing and analysis of single-cell assay for transposase-accessible chromatin using sequencing data, modeling chromatin accessibility from sequence, sequence design and downstream analysis to decipher enhancer grammar. We demonstrate CREsted's functionality on a mouse cortex and a human peripheral blood mononuclear cell dataset. Additionally, we use CREsted to compare mesenchymal-like cancer cell states between tumor types, and we investigate different fine-tuning strategies of genomic foundation models within CREsted. Finally, we train a model on a zebrafish development atlas and use this to design and in vivo validate cell-type-specific enhancers. For varying datasets, we demonstrate that CREsted facilitates efficient training and analyses, enabling scrutinization of the enhancer logic and design of synthetic enhancers across tissues and species.

Indexed as

Enhancer Elements, GeneticGenomicsSoftwareAnimalsChromatinDeep LearningHumansMiceOrgan SpecificitySpecies SpecificityZebrafishChromatin

Identifiers

PMID41927920
PMCPMC13167471

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.