ArticleScientific reports2026
National-scale spatial modelling of dust storm pollution and vulnerability of tourism destinations and infrastructure.
Article in Scientific reports, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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5 authors.
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Abstract
Atmospheric dust storms are a major source of particulate pollution in arid and semi-arid regions, with far-reaching ecological, infrastructural, and socio-economic consequences. Beyond their documented impacts on air quality and human health, dust events increasingly threaten tourism-related socio-ecological systems by degrading environmental quality, damaging infrastructure, and increasing exposure risks in sensitive regions. This study develops a national-scale, spatially explicit framework to model vulnerability of tourism destinations to dust storm pollution. Iran was selected as a representative dust-prone region due to its high frequency of atmospheric dust events and its dense and diverse distribution of tourism destinations. Multi-source satellite data, including aerosol optical depth, precipitation, and vegetation indices, were combined with spatial data on infrastructure, land use, and ecosystem services within a Geographical Information System (GIS)-based multi-criteria decision analysis framework. Exposure, sensitivity, and adaptive capacity components were quantified and integrated to generate a national vulnerability map to dust storm pollution. Results indicate that approximately 34% of Iran falls within high and very high vulnerability classes, primarily concentrated in central, eastern, and southern regions characterized by intense dust pollution, low vegetation cover, and limited environmental buffering capacity. A substantial proportion of tourism-related infrastructures are located within high-risk dust pollution zones. The spatial patterns reveal pronounced north-south and west-east gradients in dust-related vulnerability, driven by climatic aridity, pollutant intensity, and uneven ecological resilience. By explicitly linking atmospheric dust pollution processes with spatial vulnerability patterns, this study provides a transferable modelling framework for assessing pollution-driven risks to socio-ecological systems. The findings support regional-scale environmental management, climate adaptation planning, and pollution mitigation strategies in dust-affected regions worldwide.
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