Evidence map›Paper›PMID 41926597›Full record

ArticleScience (New York, N.Y.)2026

Blood-catalyzed n-doped polymers for reversible optical neural control.

Sanket Samal, Shulan Xiao, Samantha Nelson, Om Kolhe, Hammad F Khan, Meisam Habibi Matin, Won-June Lee, Mustafa Ahmed, Decheng Wang, Tianqi Wang and 9 more

Abstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in Science (New York, N.Y.), 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 2 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
2citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

2 citing papers in PubMed.

  1. Receptogenesis in a Vascularized Robotic Embodiment.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2026
    Article
  2. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

19 authors.

Sanket Samal *James Tarpo Jr. and Margaret Tarpo Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA.ORCID 0009-0007-5136-2991
Shulan Xiao *Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA.ORCID 0000-0003-4224-4196
Samantha NelsonBorch Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA.ORCID 0000-0003-2850-7105
Om KolheWeldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA.
Hammad F KhanWeldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA.ORCID 0000-0001-8126-7564
Meisam Habibi MatinWeldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA.ORCID 0000-0002-4531-0657
Won-June LeeJames Tarpo Jr. and Margaret Tarpo Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA.ORCID 0000-0001-8756-0956
Mustafa AhmedJames Tarpo Jr. and Margaret Tarpo Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA.
Decheng WangDepartment of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA.ORCID 0000-0002-1742-7460
Tianqi WangDepartment of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA.ORCID 0000-0001-9403-0099
Tyler PikesDepartment of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA.ORCID 0000-0001-9762-0772
Alicia N ScottBorch Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA.
J Alejandra RodriguezDepartment of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA.ORCID 0000-0003-1839-1049
Matthew R OlsonDepartment of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA.ORCID 0000-0001-8894-4783
Qing DengDepartment of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA.
Elizabeth I ParkinsonJames Tarpo Jr. and Margaret Tarpo Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA.
Jean-Christophe RochetBorch Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA.ORCID 0000-0002-6484-1541
Krishna JayantWeldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA.ORCID 0000-0003-4353-6123
Jianguo MeiJames Tarpo Jr. and Margaret Tarpo Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA.ORCID 0000-0002-5743-2715

Funding

Massively scalable 3D electrophysiology and two-photon imaging in freely-moving animalsDP2MH136494 · NIMH · PURDUE UNIVERSITY · PI Krishna jayant · 2023 to 2026
$2.2M
NIMH NIH HHS DP2 MH136494
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Biocompatible integration of synthetic materials with living tissue remains a major challenge for bioelectronics. In this case, substrate-free conducting polymer (CP) interfaces could help bridge this gap. We report in vivo assembly of n-doped poly(benzodifurandione) (n-PBDF) using whole blood-catalyzed polymerization in awake zebrafish and mice. This approach leverages endogenous catalysts, specifically hemoproteins, to form stable, thermally and ionically sensitive CP networks, ensuring long-term compatibility throughout the lifespan. We showcase the impact of this interface through reversible, cellular, and subcellular neuromodulation using near-infrared (NIR) light, including in vivo polymerized n-PBDF. Electrophysiological studies confirmed that n-PBDF alters intrinsic sodium ion channel excitability, and NIR light stimulation amplifies this modulation through thermoionic-induced shunting, providing on-demand, millisecond-scale reversible inhibitory control of excitability, a feature recapitulated in actively behaving mice.

Indexed as

Biocompatible MaterialsHemeproteinsNeuronsPolymersAnimalsCatalysisInfrared RaysMiceOptogeneticsPolymerizationSodium ChannelsZebrafishBiocompatible MaterialsHemeproteinsPolymersSodium Channels

Identifiers

PMID41926597
PMCPMC13160659

What OpenQuestion holds

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Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.