Evidence map›Paper›PMID 41925909›Full record

ReviewDiscover nano2026

A comprehensive review of carbon dots for antimicrobial therapy: from design mechanisms to theranostic applications.

Qian He, Liyun Zhang

Abstract readReview
In one paragraph

Review in Discover nano, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
1citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

1 citing paper in PubMed.

  1. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

2 authors.

Qian HeTongji Shanxi Hospital, Shanxi Bethune Hospital, Shanxi Academy of Medical Sciences, Third Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, 030032, China. heqian@sxbqeh.com.cn.
Liyun ZhangTongji Shanxi Hospital, Shanxi Bethune Hospital, Shanxi Academy of Medical Sciences, Third Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, 030032, China. zhangly@sxbqeh.com.cn.

Funding

Research Project Plan of Shanxi Provincial Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine 2023ZYYB2021Shanxi Province Clinical Theranostics Technology Innovation Center for Immunologic and Rheumatic Diseases CXZX-202302Talent Introduction Research Initiation Fund of Shanxi Bethune Hospital Talent Introduction Research Initiation Fund of Shanxi Bethune Hospital
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

As an emerging carbon-based nanomaterial, carbon dots (CDs) exhibit broad prospects in antimicrobial therapy owing to their unique physicochemical properties, excellent biocompatibility, and tunable multifunctional characteristics. This review systematically summarizes recent advances in the research on CDs in the antimicrobial field, including innovative construction strategies, mechanisms of action, theranostic applications, and safety evaluation. Regarding construction strategies, it highlights the design principles and antimicrobial properties of bio-derived CDs, drug molecule-directed CDs, charge-engineered CDs, metal-synergistic catalytic CDs, and amino acid-functionalized CDs. For mechanisms of action, it elaborates on the multi-target antimicrobial modes of CDs, such as physical disruption, oxidative stress induction, and metabolic interference. In terms of theranostic applications, it summarizes the innovative uses of CDs in photodynamic therapy, photothermal-photodynamic synergistic therapy, and tissue repair. Finally, it delves into safety concerns including the impacts of CDs on intestinal health, risks of metal doping, and environmental degradation behaviors. This review aims to provide theoretical guidance for the development of highly effective and safe antimicrobial CDs, while prospecting the challenges and opportunities in their clinical translation.

Indexed as

Antimicrobial mechanismCarbon dotsConstruction strategiesSafety evaluationTheranostics

Identifiers

PMID41925909
PMCPMC13046946

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY-NC-ND
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.