ReviewCalcified tissue international2026
Effects of fluoride and lead on enamel composition during the maturation stage of amelogenesis in rat mandibular third molars.
Review in Calcified tissue international, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 2 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
2 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Fluoride as a Modifier of Metallome Homeostasis: A Systematic Review of Animal Studies.Basic & clinical pharmacology & toxicology · 2026Pooled it
- Editorial "Enamel" Issue.Calcified tissue international · 2026Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
6 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Dental enamel formation depends on tightly regulated mineral deposition and organic matrix removal during the maturation stage. Fluoride (F) adversely affects the maturation stage of amelogenesis, causing hypomineralized enamel defects. However, hypomineralized enamel defects have increased worldwide in recent years, making it urgent to understand how co-exposure to other environmental contaminants affects fluorosis and maturation-stage amelogenesis at fluoride levels sufficient to induce defects during early-life exposure conditions in experimental models. This study aimed to determine whether lead (Pb) co-exposure amplifies fluoride-induced disturbances in the enamel maturation stage by mapping depth-dependent changes in mineral, organic, and water components across the enamel layer. Pregnant Wistar rats and their offspring were exposed to F (50 ppm), Pb (30 ppm), or both in drinking water from gestation to postnatal day 30. Mandibular third molars were evaluated using a modified Thylstrup–Fejerskov index and analyzed by quantitative microradiography and polarized light microscopy to obtain depth-resolved compositional data. Mean defect scores were 0.0 (Control), 2.6 (F), and 3.2 (Pb + F). Entire enamel thickness mineral volume decreased from 71.0% (Control) to 41.1% (F) and to 35.2% (Pb + F), accompanied by a marked increase in organic matrix volume (9.3% to > 30%) (p < 0.0001). Spatial analyses showed minimal disturbances and smaller effect sizes at the superficial region, with progressively larger effects toward the central and inner enamel regions. These findings demonstrate that Pb co-exposure exacerbates fluoride-induced enamel hypomineralization and disrupts the normal spatial pattern of enamel maturation, emphasizing the importance of combined environmental exposures for understanding mechanisms governing the development and maturation of mineralized tissues.
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Registered trials
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