Evidence map›Paper›PMID 41925032›Full record

ArticleThe Journal of infectious diseases2026

Pre-Antiretroviral Therapy Vertical HIV-1 Transmission Risk in Uganda Varies by Sex of Child and Maternal Viral Subtype.

Zoe Gotthold, Adam Epstein-Shuman, Godfrey Kigozi, Susanna L Lamers, Victor Ssempijja, Gabriel Quiros, Michael Martin, M Kate Grabowski, Reinaldo E Fernandez, Larry W Chang and 7 more

Abstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in The Journal of infectious diseases, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
1citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

1 citing paper in PubMed.

  1. Review
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

17 authors.

Zoe GottholdLaboratory of Immunoregulation and Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.ORCID 0009-0002-7092-2775
Adam Epstein-ShumanLaboratory of Immunoregulation and Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.ORCID 0009-0006-1539-5385
Godfrey KigoziDepartment of Epidemiology, Rakai Health Sciences Program, Kalisizo, Uganda.ORCID 0009-0008-9142-6870
Susanna L LamersPathogen Genomics Department, BioInfoExperts, Los Angeles, California, USA.
Victor SsempijjaClinical Monitoring Research Program Directorate, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, USA.
Gabriel QuirosLaboratory of Immunoregulation and Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.ORCID 0000-0003-4649-8548
Michael MartinDepartment of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.ORCID 0000-0002-9689-4066
M Kate GrabowskiDepartment of Epidemiology, Rakai Health Sciences Program, Kalisizo, Uganda.
Reinaldo E FernandezDepartment of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.ORCID 0000-0002-7751-6422
Larry W ChangDepartment of Epidemiology, Rakai Health Sciences Program, Kalisizo, Uganda.ORCID 0000-0001-7985-4567
Ronald M GaliwangoDepartment of Epidemiology, Rakai Health Sciences Program, Kalisizo, Uganda.ORCID 0000-0002-5962-151X
Gertrude NakigoziDepartment of Epidemiology, Rakai Health Sciences Program, Kalisizo, Uganda.ORCID 0000-0001-6193-2790
Steven J ReynoldsLaboratory of Immunoregulation and Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.
Eileen ScullyDepartment of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.ORCID 0000-0002-6687-6051
Andrew D ReddLaboratory of Immunoregulation and Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.ORCID 0000-0003-4651-1423
Oliver LaeyendeckerLaboratory of Immunoregulation and Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.ORCID 0000-0002-6429-4760
Rakai Health Sciences Program

Funding

WORK ORDER 126643 B539 EXPAND IC SUITE75N91019D00024 · NIAID · LEIDOS BIOMEDICAL RESEARCH, INC. · 2019 to 2025
$3932.6M
NCI NIH HHSNIH HHS 75N91019D00024
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

We analyzed perinatal transmission in a pre-antiretroviral therapy Ugandan cohort by maternal human immunodeficiency virus type 1 subtype and infant sex in 131 mother-child pairs. Among all children, if the mother was infected with subtype A there was a nearly 3-fold increased risk of perinatal transmission compared with subtype D (risk ratio [RR], 2.96 [95% confidence interval (CI), 1.46-6.01]; P = .008). When stratifying infants by both sex and maternal subtype, significantly more female (56.3% [9 of 16]) than male (9.1% [1 of 11]) infants born to mothers with subtype A were infected (RR, 6.19 [95% CI, .91-42.12]; P = .02). In contrast, among infants born to mothers with subtype D, transmission rates were comparable across sex (RR, 1.59 [95% CI, .57-4.41]; P = .39).

Indexed as

HIV-1HIV InfectionsInfectious Disease Transmission, VerticalPregnancy Complications, InfectiousAdultCohort StudiesFemaleHumansInfantInfant, NewbornMalePregnancyRisk FactorsSex FactorsUgandamaternalperinatal transmissionsexsubtypevertical transmission

Identifiers

PMID41925032
PMCPMC13537117

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.