Treatment of human oocytes with extracellular vesicles from follicular fluid during rescue

study questionCould follicular fluid-derived extracellular vesicles (ffEVs) benefit human oocyte rescue SUMMARY ANSWER: Supplementation of rIVM culture with ffEVs isolated from mature follicles enhanced oocyte maturation rates by >20%, inducing changes in oocyte protein profile and organelle distribution. WHAT IS KNOWN ALREADY: IVM involves the culture of immature germinal vesicle (GV) oocytes under set laboratory conditions to allow for their transition to mature metaphase II (MII) stage, which is confirmed by the extrusion of the first polar body. Efficient IVM could circumvent controlled ovarian stimulation (COS), reduce the cost and broaden the repertoire of infertility treatments. Animal studies suggest that extracellular vesicles (EVs), membranous nanosized vesicles containing different molecular content (e.g. nucleic acids, proteins) and present in the ovarian follicular fluid, could enhance oocyte maturation. The uptake of ffEVs by bovine, equine, and feline oocytes, but not human, has been demonstrated. STUDY DESIGN SIZE DURATION: Women undergoing transvaginal oocyte retrieval after COS (n = 83) were recruited to donate follicular fluid (n = 54 single follicles) and/or immature GV oocytes (n = 95). We aimed to: (i) define differences in the protein cargo of ffEVs derived from human follicles containing mature (MII-ffEVs, n = 10) versus immature (GV-ffEVs, n = 5; metaphase I MI-ffEVs, n = 5) oocytes, (ii) demonstrate the capacity of human GV oocytes to uptake MII-ffEVs and (iii) determine the effect of MII-ffEVs supplementation on oocyte maturation. PARTICIPANTS/MATERIALS SETTING

methodsffEVs were isolated by ultracentrifugation. The protein content of ffEVs was analysed by mass spectrometry. The uptake of fluorescently-labelled MII-ffEVs by GV oocytes (n = 15) was assessed by confocal microscopy. GVs were cultured for rIVM in a timelapse incubator with MII-ffEVs (n = 45 GVs) or without (n = 40 GVs), and extrusion of polar body denoted maturation. The impact of MII-ffEVs supplementation on IVM-matured oocytes was assessed through single-cell proteomics and the appearance of intracellular organelles upon transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analysis. MAIN RESULTS AND THE ROLE OF CHANCE: We identified 1340 proteins in ffEVs, with proteins such as F12, IGKV1-39, FREM2, and C1QC being significantly enriched in MII-ffEVs. GV oocytes internalized MII-ffEVs, and their supplementation for 48 h increased the oocyte maturation rate compared to control by 22.8 ± 9.4% (77.8% vs 55% maturation rate respectively; LARGE-SCALE DATA: Proteomics data are available via ProteomeXchange with identifier PXD073018. LIMITATIONS REASONS FOR CAUTION: This study utilized immature oocytes from COS cycles; therefore, the results should be interpreted within the context of rIVM potential. The employed oocytes were vitrified and warmed, and the rIVM was performed for 48 h. WIDER IMPLICATIONS OF THE

findingsThese results provide new insights into the role of ffEVs in enhancing oocyte maturation, offering potential improvements for clinical rIVM protocols, and inspiring the development of global IVM supplements based on ffEVs or associated specific cargo. STUDY FUNDING/COMPETING INTERESTS: This work was funded by an EMDO research fellowship and a FAN research grant (Fonds zur Förderung des akademischen Nachwuchses) from the University of Zurich. The authors declare no competing interests.