Ginsenoside Rg1 antagonizes diabetic osteoporosis by regulating ferroptosis via mitochondrial membrane potential in H-type vascular endothelial cells.

Background: Endothelial dysfunction under high-glucose conditions is a key pathological process contributing to the development and progression of diabetic osteoporosis (DOP). High glucose-induced damage to H-type vascular endothelial cells (H-type ECs), including mitochondrial dysfunction, increased lipid peroxidation, and activation of ferroptosis, is considered a potential mechanism underlying bone loss and dysregulated bone metabolism in DOP. Diabetic osteoporosis is a common and severe complication in patients with diabetes, and current clinical treatment options remain limited. Ginsenoside Rg1 (Rg1), one of the main active components of ginseng, has been shown to possess antioxidant and anti-osteoporotic effects, but its underlying mechanisms in DOP remain unclear. Methods: In this study, spontaneously diabetic GK rats and high-glucose-treated H-type ECs were used to establish Results: Our results showed that, compared with the model group, Rg1 at different doses effectively reduced systemic bone loss, with no significant difference between medium and high doses. Compared with the ferroptosis activator and inhibitor groups, Rg1 inhibited ferroptosis and promoted H-type vessel formation. Furthermore, Conclusion: Our study demonstrated that Rg1 promotes vessel-osteoblast coupling and regulates bone metabolism, thereby delaying the progression of diabetic osteoporosis (DOP). The underlying mechanism may involve activation of GPX4 expression in coordination with the regulation of H-type ECs mitochondrial membrane potential, leading to decreased mtROS levels and increased lipid peroxidation, ultimately intervening in ferroptosis. These findings highlight the GPX4-mitochondria cooperative regulation of H-type ECs ferroptosis by Rg1 and provide a new potential avenue for DOP therapy.