Evidence map›Paper›PMID 41923898›Full record

ReviewBiomedical engineering and computational biology2026

Medical Digital Twin Technology for Interoperability: Challenges and Opportunities.

Tengku Ahmad Iskandar Tengku Alang, Yeong Yeh Lee, Tian Swee Tan, Ariffin Marzuki Mokhtar

Abstract readReview
In one paragraph

Review in Biomedical engineering and computational biology, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
0citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

0 citing papers in PubMed.

No citing paper in PubMed yet.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

4 authors.

Tengku Ahmad Iskandar Tengku AlangCentre of Biomedical Engineering, University of Cyberjaya, Sepang, Malaysia.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9356-1207
Yeong Yeh LeeSchool of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kota Bharu, Malaysia.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6486-7717
Tian Swee TanBioinspired Device and Tissue Engineering Research Group, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor Bahru, Malaysia.
Ariffin Marzuki MokhtarHospital Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kota Bharu, Malaysia.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Digital twins (DT) technology has shown considerable growth in recent years. Previous studies have examined technologies in a variety of areas, including health care. However, limited studies have attempted to provide a thorough discussion of strategies for the seamless integration of DT into health care, particularly in the context of interoperability of heterogeneous medical data. This review examines the underlying concept of DT and its possible integration in healthcare, particularly in the context of healthcare interoperability. It also analyzes the main problems such as the lack of standardized protocols, the non-homogeneity of data formats and technical complexity. Finally, potential opportunities are highlighted such as standardized protocol, the creation of an open data platform and the empowerment of semantic interoperability. In conclusion, this review has provided valuable insights for many professionals, including researchers and healthcare providers, which will contribute to empowering patient-centered or personalized medicine and to the development of digital health.

Indexed as

digital healthhealthcare 5.0healthcare interoperabilityhealth informaticsmedical digital twin

Identifiers

PMID41923898
PMCPMC13036349

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY-NC
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.