SynthesisBMC anesthesiology2026
Effect of perioperative esketamine administration on the incidence of postoperative delirium: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
Synthesis in BMC anesthesiology, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 3 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
3 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Pooled it
- S-Ketamine Preserves Oxidative Metabolism and Reduces Metabolic Stress During Neuronal Hyperexcitability.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Article
- Clinical research progress of esketamine in perioperative neuroprotection: from mechanisms to therapeutic neuroprotection.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2026Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundPostoperative delirium (POD) is a common neurocognitive complication following surgery, particularly in older adults. Esketamine has been investigated for potential neuroprotective effects in the perioperative setting. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to evaluate the effect of perioperative esketamine on the incidence of POD.
methodsA comprehensive literature search was conducted across multiple electronic databases (PubMed, Cochrane Library, EMBASE, and Google Scholar) to identify randomized controlled trials (RCTs) evaluating the association between perioperative esketamine administration and POD. The primary outcome was the incidence of POD. Secondary outcomes included postoperative cognitive dysfunction (POCD), delayed neurocognitive recovery (dNCR), postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV), length of hospital stay, length of post-anesthesia care unit (PACU) stay, and postoperative pain in the first 24 h after surgery. PROSPERO registration: CRD42024587392.
results25 RCTs involving 3,669 participants were included (esketamine: 17 trials; ketamine: 8 trials). Esketamine was associated with a lower incidence of POD (risk ratio [RR]: 0.55, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.46–0.67, P < 0.00001), whereas ketamine showed no significant effect (RR: 0.64, 95% CI: 0.32–1.29, P = 0.21). Results were consistent in studies enrolling elderly patients (≥ 65 years) (RR: 0.57, 95% CI: 0.41–0.80, P = 0.001). Esketamine was also associated with a lower risk of PONV and reduced pain within 24 h after surgery. No significant differences were observed in hospital or PACU length of stay.
conclusionPerioperative administration of esketamine was associated with significantly lower incidence of POD, without concomitant increases in length of hospital or PACU stay.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.